>> Today class, we're going to be looking at Speaking to Inform.
Now this is probably one of the speech -- this is the speech you're most likely to use
in the workplace because you're informing someone,
you're sharing information with someone.
So, where the ceremonial speeches are probably going to be used in your personal life,
this is probably going to be used more in the workplace or in classrooms.
Okay, so informative speeches.
They're designed to convey knowledge and understanding.
Period, the end.
That's it.
Knowledge and understanding.
You're not trying to persuade someone, convince someone, none of that.
Just knowledge and understanding.
So be very clear.
If you're trying to get them to believe something, than you're really moving
into the persuasive speech territory.
So just convey knowledge and understanding.
Very simple.
Okay. Different types of informative speeches that you can do that we'll talk about here.
We have speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts.
And we'll break these down even more.
So speeches about objects.
Anything that's visible, tangible, or in stable form.
So if you can see it, feel it, touch it, it's an object.
So you could do a speech about it.
So our example here, the St. Louis Arch.
The base of the St. Louis Arch has a visitor's center with a museum,
two movie theaters, and retail outlets.
The middle of the St. Louis Arch contains a high-speed tram
that carries visitors from the base to the top.
And the top of the St. Louis Arch has an observation deck 630 feet above the ground.
So doing a speech about an object, the St. Louis Arch is obviously something
that exists in the real world.
And I've organized it in this particular sense spatially.
We start at the base, we move to the middle, then the top.
And with this, if I'm thinking about visual aids I'll probably use a picture or a drawing of it
because obviously I couldn't bring it in class.
During speeches about process.
This is a systematic series of actions leading to a specific result.
So think of things like demonstrations, speeches, that kind of thing.
So an example process speech.
Many magic tricks rely on mechanical devices that may require little skill by the magician.
Other magic tricks depend on the magician's skill
in fooling people by sleight-of-hand manipulation.
So with this -- if we look at how this is organized it's probably done topically
because one doesn't come before the other necessarily.
And if we're thinking about visual aids for this.
Probably doing the magic trick if you can would be a good visual aid for this.
If you can't do the magic trick, this might be a place to use video.
Okay, speeches about events.
Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.
So past, present, or future.
We could do a speech about an event.
So our event speech here.
The parades at Mardi Gras are lavish events that take place over several weeks.
The costumes include disguises, medallions,
and the Mardi Gras colors of purple, green, and gold.
And the food features Cajun and Creole dishes common to southern Louisiana.
So if I look at how this is organized, it is organized here I would say topically.
We could also do a speech about Mardi Gras spatially.
Different parts of the city where it's done.
I could do it chronologically to do first, second, third, or how the history developed.
And then, if I'm thinking about visual aids I could bring pictures.
Be careful though with something like Mardi Gras.
It's kind of an adult celebration.
Or I could bring in objects or props like masks, or food, or that kind of thing.
Okay. So events, things that have happened.
Speeches about concepts.
These are a little bit different.
Beliefs, theories, ideas, notions, principles.
These are kind of the anti-object speeches.
These are the things that are not tangible, not something that I can see, feel, touch,
which makes them problematic sometimes.
So a speech about a concept our example here about nonviolent resistance.
The first major principle of nonviolent resistance is
that social change much be achieved by moral means.
The second major principle of nonviolent resistance is
that one should not inflict violence on one's enemies.
And the third major principle of nonviolent resistance is
that suffering can be a powerful social force.
Now this, it's organized chronologically because I have first, second, and third.
And you can't really do this in any other way because there is a hierarchy.
But sometimes concepts can be done in different organizational structures.
Visual aids on this is going to be a little bit problematic,
although I could probably use pictures and video
of people actually engaged in nonviolent resistance.
So things like marches, or sit ins, or other forms of nonviolent protest.
So concept speech.
We'll see an example of someone explaining a concept here.
Now, when you're doing concept speeches sometimes the first main point is a vocabulary
lesson, and that's kind of what she does here.
So let's listen to this.
>> Based on the teachings of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius,
Confucianism is a code of conduct for life.
It's a blend of ethical, moral, political, and philosophical insights.
One key to understanding Confucianism is the word jen, J-E-N.
While there are many different ways to translate jen,
it's basically about living compassionately in society.
According to the Encyclopedia of Social History, jen means being sincere to one's self
and sharing the feelings of others by putting one's self in the position of others.
Now that we have a better understanding of the word jen,
let's take a look at some other aspects of Confucianism.
>> So with this, before she could use term to explain Confucianism,
she needed to explain terms that she's going to use.
Okay, when you're doing an informative speech, some guidelines here.
Don't overestimate what the audience knows.
Remember, you're the expert on this.
You're the one that's done the research on it.
Now, you want to treat your audience as if they are intelligent but uninformed.
So they could figure things out, but they don't know the specifics and you do.
You need to give them those.
Relate the subject directly to the audience.
Let them know why they should care about this.
How does it relate to them?
Don't leave it up to them to figure out.
Let them know.
And we'll see an example here of someone relating to the audience.
>> Bed bugs spread most rapidly in places that have lots of people coming and going.
If you live in the dorms or an apartment,
if you travel through airports, train stations, or bus stations.
Or if you stay in lots of hotels and motels,
you're passing through prime breeding grounds for bed bugs.
Bed bugs are like tiny hitchhikers.
They'll insert themselves in your clothes, your luggage, your purse, your backpack, your coat.
Anything that has fabric and folds.
Bed bugs are also drawn to locations where they can hide easily.
So the more clutter you have in your environment,
the more bed bugs will like to be your tiny companions.
>> I would be willing to bet that two and a half minutes ago you had no care about bed bugs.
But now, you're looking around you going, oh my god, do I have bed bugs.
No, you probably don't have bed bugs.
Yeah, by doing it this way, she let you know why you should care about this.
Okay, so relating to the audience.
Other guidelines here.
Don't be too technical with what you're talking about.
It's really easy sometimes when you're informing about something that you know a lot
about to assume that the audience is going to know too much.
So, we'll see some language here.
Again, try to kind of explaining the language that you're going to use to explain the concept.
>> According to the National Institutes of Health, stem cells are general cells
that have the potential to develop into any of the more
than 200 different types of cells in the human body.
Basically, they turn into a cell that has a specific job to do.
For example, stem cells might become muscle cells that help rebuild damaged tissue.
They might become red blood cells that deliver oxygen to different tissues.
Or they might become brain cells that help the nervous system function.
No matter what type of cells need assistance, stem cells can come to the rescue
and replenish those cells our bodies need.
The genetics learning center at the University of Utah explains it like this.
Stem cells are like actors waiting for a casting call.
Just as an actor waits to find out his or her next role, stem cells wait for signals
from the body that tell them what to become.
Once they get those signals, they begin to change
into specific cells with specific jobs to do.
>> So, she had to explain what stem cells were for those people
that didn't know what they were, and for those people that had heard the term
but might have been thinking about stem cells in a political or moral sense.
So she gave us a scientific definition of them.
Okay. Avoid abstractions.
And we talked about abstractions before.
Those are things that are not very clearly defined.
And then personalize your ideas to you and to the audience.
And we'll see an example of that here.
>> My nephew Sam was the delight of the family when he was born.
The first child of my older sister and the first grandchild of my parents.
He cooed and babbled, smiled at his mom and dad, grasped for the playthings around his crib.
At family dinners on Sunday we took turns holding him in our arms,
feeding him, and singing him to sleep.
He seemed like any normal infant in a secure and loving home.
Then shortly before his second birthday we began to notice unusual behaviors.
He avoided looking us in the eye.
Did not seem interested in learning words.
Played endlessly with the same toy.
Rocked back and forth in his chair for hours at a time, and was easily frustrated.
My sister took him to a specialist who gave the dreaded diagnosis.
Sam was autistic.
We have seen that Autism is a very serious disorder whose causes are not well understood
and whose effects on families and lives of the children themselves can be devastating.
But, we've also seen that early diagnosis and early intervention can help modify
and even turn around the symptoms of Autism.
I'm happy to say that Sam has benefitted from such intervention.
From the time he was two, he has been taught normal behavior patterns
through aggressive therapy.
Now he's able to participate in his class at the local school,
he's also more responsive and affectionate at home.
Sam continues to be our delight [applause].
>> So, she personalizes this to her by talking about her relative Sam.
But she personalizes it to us because when she is describing Sam she's describing Sam
in situations where our relatives -- we might put out relatives there.
Right? So personalizing the ideas.
And then, you want to be creative with what you're doing in an informative speech.
Honestly, a lot of times informative speeches can be boring, they can be dry.
So be as creative as you can be.
We talked about this earlier with the introduction and the conclusion.
Adding creativity to it.
So try to be as creative as you can.
Okay. We'll see a speech here now -- we're going to go through this speech once and as you go
through it I want you to try to figure out what the mistakes are.
See where it kind of needs improvement.
And then we'll go back through one more time
and see if he can fix it based on your recommendations.
So, we'll go through this speech twice.
>> So I was really cramped.
I had to study for a calculus exam last night.
So this didn't necessarily get done well.
But let's just see how it goes.
Okay. Well, basically as a kid I watched Star Wars a lot.
And I definitely loved seeing all the different kinds of robots there.
So now, that I want to be a doctor I thought about looking into robots in medicine
and you definitely see them in hospitals all the time.
So I thought that would be a good topic.
I also heard about a woman in New Jersey who had a kidney transplant operation done by a robot.
Well, except there was a live surgeon that powered the robot, so they did it together.
First though, there are orderly robots that --
well they carry stuff around the hospital, basically.
Oh, here's a picture of one.
It's kind of like a square R2D2, as you can see.
Mark Weigel [assumed spelling] says these robots are fast and efficient,
and they save hospitals a ton of time.
So obviously that's important.
They use invisible light beams to get around.
These beams are called light whiskers,
but because they're invisible I actually can't show you a picture of them unfortunately.
But, I'm sure they're really cool still.
I can tell you though, the robots communicate with each other so they can actually figure
out how to get around the hospital efficiently.
The next robot is the remote presence robot, and they are different than orderly robots.
They actually let doctors see patients and that's when the doctor isn't there.
Normally they can't obviously.
But when the doctor's not there they can still communicate.
The doctor uses a camera to see the patient and then the patient can see the doctor
on the screen and actually, you can see from these photographs
that this is a remote presence robot, kind of like Skype on wheels.
So they can communicate.
These robots are actually really popular now as well.
I found a magazine article called Hospital Management,
and it said that remote presence robots are used in hundreds of hospitals.
So obviously there is a trend in using these machines, and it's quite useful.
Um, my favorite robot though is the DiVinci.
It's named after the famous Italian painter.
It's used for surgeries.
I actually had a picture specifically of the robot but I couldn't find it this morning
when I double-checked and obviously I'm here now and didn't have time.
But it's definitely cool -- the robot --
and it's got a lot of arms and it kind of looks like an octopus.
Like, Dr. Octopus almost.
And it basically is the surgery machine.
According to an article I read, the doctor moves the arms from a terminal using kind
of a controller, and he actually uses like 3D imaging as well.
So it's sort of like playing Xbox or Halo on 3D TV.
It's probably fun.
But the doctor himself doesn't ever touch the patient.
Only the robot ever touches the patient.
In conclusion, that's my speech.
I hope you see why I find robots so interesting.
They're definitely changing medicine and I'm sure they will all the way
into the future for years to come.
Thanks for listening.
>> Okay, before we go on to the next version of it.
Couple of things.
First of all, several times in there he told us what he didn't do, couldn't do, couldn't show.
Don't do that.
Don't point out flaws in your speech to your audience.
Let them figure it out.
Because a lot of times they won't figure it out.
Also, not very well focused.
A lot of information seemed extraneous.
Just kind of thrown in and like what does that even have to do with anything?
So don't do that.
Be careful of your examples.
Doc Oc is probably not who I want doing surgery on me there.
Also the visual aids were terrible.
Sometimes there were too many pictures.
Other times they made no sense at all.
Like why do you need a picture of Leonardo DaVinci just
because the robot was named after him?
And then left it up there so we could marvel at DaVinci's beard.
Yeah, that -- no.
So hopefully he can fix all his mistakes and do a better job this time.
>> Maureen Trainer lay on the operating table
at St. Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston, New Jersey.
Four mechanical arms moved with precision over her abdomen.
In one arm, was a high definition camera.
The other three contained small surgical instruments
that made a five-centimeter incision just below her rib cage.
It was a tiny opening, but it was big enough to put a new kidney into Maureen's body.
At no point during the surgery did the surgeon actually touch Maureen.
In fact, he sat several feet away peering into a monitor
and holding what looked like video game controls.
But the work of his hands was digitally recorded and sent to the robotic arms
which mimicked his every movement.
The robot became an extension of the surgeon and together they transplanted the kidney.
Robots in the operating room are now a reality.
And the next operation you or a family member undergoes may very well involve a robot.
But surgery is just one of the areas in which medical robots are changing modern medicine.
As a pre-med student interested in becoming a surgeon,
I've long been fascinated with medical robots.
After researching the topic for this speech I'd
like to introduce you to the world of medical robots.
We'll take a look at three kinds of robots in particular; orderly robots,
remote presence robots, and surgical robots.
Let's begin with orderly.
Orderly robots help hospital staff accomplish routine tasks.
Their primary function is to transport medicine, food, and lab supplies.
And, to do so without a human by their side.
Here is one of the most popular orderly robots.
The T-U-G.
TUG robot.
Which according to its manufacturer, can be found in more
than 100 hospitals in the United States alone.
A September 2010 story in Discovery News explains how the robot works.
Relying on a digital map of the hospital, the robot moves from room
to room picking up and dropping off supplies.
It sense people and obstacles by what are called light whiskers.
Invisible beans of sonar, infrared, and laser.
These light whiskers are represented by the colored lines you see in this drawing.
They constantly scan the environment to avoid collisions.
TUG robots can also communicate with one another about the most efficient route
to a location, even current hallway conditions.
They are highly efficient and make fewer delivery errors than people.
Mark Weigel director of food services at Bethesda Memorial Hospital in Maryland notes
that the TUG robot never argues with patients, takes no breaks,
is always polite, and always on time.
But orderly robots are not the only robots transforming modern medicine.
Remote presence robots allow a doctor to visit with a patient even
when the doctor is not in the same room.
Remote presence means that the doctor can be present with the patient even
when the doctor is in a remote location.
Imagine, you're sitting in a hospital room and in comes this.
The RP7. A 2009 story in US News and World Report explains
that physicians can pilot these robots
from a laptop located anywhere in the hospital or in the world.
A screen, camera, microphone, and speaker system like the ones you see
in this photograph allow the doctor to interview the patient.
Hospital staff can even attach medical devices such as electronic stethoscopes to the robot
so the doctor can review a patients vital signs.
According to a 2010 article in Hospital Management , the RP7 is used in more
than 250 U.S. hospitals and has performed more than 100,000 clinic sessions.
They are particularly useful in hospitals with a high patient to doctor ratio.
In addition to orderly robots and remote presence robots,
a third kind of robot is transforming modern medicine.
Surgical robots like the kind I mentioned at the start of my speech are increasingly being used
in operating rooms around the world.
Most popular is the one you see here.
The DaVinci.
According to a 2010 article in The Miami Herald , there are more than 1400 DaVinci robots
in hospitals worldwide and they're used in more than 200,000 operations every year.
How does DaVinci work?
Intuitive Surgical -- maker of DaVinci --
explains that the surgeon controls a robot from a remote terminal.
You can see the terminal in this photograph.
Usually the terminal is a few feet away as in the photograph.
But, it can be as far as thousands of miles away.
So a surgeon in San Francisco can operate on a patient in Miami.
The surgeon controls the robots arms utilizing an interactive 3D imaging system.
But make no mistake, even though the robot is touching the patient,
the surgeon is always in control.
Doctors love DaVinci because it dramatically improves the quality of surgical procedures.
Dr. Jeffrey Wolfe [assumed spelling], a head and neck surgeon at the University
of Maryland Medical Center states, DaVinci gives us unprecedented access
with really good 3D visualization.
We are now able to perform intricate surgeries in a very small space with great dexterity.
DaVinci also reduces the risk of post-surgery complications.
Allows for faster healing and helps patients leave the hospital sooner.
In conclusion, we've seen that medical robots are playing an increasingly important role
in modern medicine.
Whether it's running errands for hospital employees, helping physicians connect
with their patients, or acting as a surgeons eyes and hands,
medical robots have brought the future into the present.
So the next time you find yourself at the hospital keep your eyes peeled for the kind
of technological marvels that used to only exist in science fiction.
Medical robots are now a matter of science fact [applause].
>> So much more informative than the first one.
Some other things that he did better this time.
Things like citing sources, identifying the credibility of those sources,
and giving us a standard conclusion rather than, well I guess that's my speech.
So much better organization.
Yeah, maybe it wasn't as phrenetic and exciting, but it was much more informative.
But if you'll remember, informative speeches are there to convey knowledge and understanding.
Okay, next time we will talk about speaking to persuade.
Have a wonderful day.