>> Hello class, today we're going to move on to Chapter 10,
Beginning and Ending Your Speech in the Lucas text.
So, it's a fairly short chapter so we should get through this pretty quickly
but we have a lot of videos in this one.
Okay, so beginning and ending your speech.
What we're really talking about is the introduction and the conclusion.
Now, some of you may be wondering why am I doing the introduction after the body,
shouldn't I do the introduction first?
Well, no because the introduction needs to refer to the body of the speech,
you need the body of the speech done before you can start the introduction
and we'll see how that works in a second.
Okay, so the introduction, so what do you need to put in here?
Just a few things, you've got five things, you've got to get the attention and the interest
of the audience, you need to reveal the topic, you need to establish credibility,
establish good will and preview the body of the speech.
Not a whole lot but that's okay, you don't have a lot of time to spend on this.
So, let's look at a couple of these here.
So, how do you gain attention?
Well, you can do it by relating the topic to the audience.
Let the audience know why they should care about this topic and how it relates to them.
You know it's a good topic.
Tell the audience that it's a good topic.
Tell them how it relates to them.
Don't just assume they'll figure it out, they might not.
And we'll see an example of relating the topic to the audience here.
>> You're being chased by an object of unspeakable horror,
yet your legs can only move in slow motion.
Each step takes unbearably long and your frantic struggle to run faster is hopeless.
Your pursuer gets closer and your desperation turns to terror.
You're completely helpless, eye to eye with death.
And then you wake up, gasping for air, your heart pounding, your face clammy with sweat.
It takes a few minutes for your heart and breathing to slow down.
You reassure yourself that it was just a dream.
Soon you drift back to sleep.
>> So, how did he relate to the audience?
Well, he said you, you're being chased by unspeakable terror.
He didn't say, I was being chased by unspeakable terror, because if he does that,
then I'll be like, sucks to be you dude.
But no it's you, why am I being chased?
It draws us into the action.
State the importance of the topic.
Again, you know why it's important.
You chose this topic.
You did the research on this.
Let the audience know why it's important.
Don't just assume they'll figure out its important.
Now you can startle the audience.
Now that doesn't necessarily mean make loud noises or come at them.
That means you can use statistics or examples or something that might be out of the ordinary.
You can arouse the audience's curiosity.
So, it could be something like asking them a question that might be of interest to them like,
hey how would you like to find out how to go to college for free.
I don't know how you can go to college for free.
You probably would want to talk to financial aid.
But that would probably arouse the curiosity for most students.
You can question the audience like I just did,
but rhetorical questions sometimes lose their effectiveness in a class,
because so many people use them that people stop paying attention to them.
And you want to be careful that you are using rhetorical questions
that you're not actually trying to poll the class at the beginning of your speech.
Because sometimes you will not get the answer that you want or the response you want
and that can kind of derail you right up front so.
Begin with a quotation and this is nice if you begin with a quotation and end with a quotation,
it kind of gives a nice bookend to your speech, but it could also set the tone for the speech
or help to reveal the topic depending on what the quotation is
and then finally you could tell a story in the introduction
and this can serve a couple of purposes.
It can get the audience's attention but it could also reveal the topic, build credibility
and do a lot of the other things that you're supposed to do in your speech.
Now, just because you start the story in the introduction, it doesn't mean you need
to finish it in the introduction.
You can finish it later in the conclusion.
So, let's see an example of telling a story in the introduction.
>> There I stood, wearing a surgical mask in the middle of a large, brightly lit room.
In the center of the room were five figures huddled over a table.
I found it difficult to see since everything was shaped in blue sheets,
yet I didn't dare take a step towards that table.
And then one of the figures called to me.
Angela, get over here and take a closer look.
My knees buckled as I walked through the sterile environment.
But eventually I was there, standing over an unconscious body in the operating room.
>> So, when she tells this story, she doesn't tell us, so in my anatomy class.
No, she gives us a little bit of information at a time.
She draws us into the story and feeds us the information that we need to stay interested.
Okay, credibility, you need to establish this in the introduction.
You need to let the audience know, why they should listen to you.
And credibility and good will are fairly easy to establish most of the time,
but we need to remember to do it.
So, your credibility is based on the perception of your qualifications.
It has nothing to do with whether you're qualified to speak
on it or not, on the topic or not.
It's whether the audience thinks you're qualified or not.
So you need to establish that credibility, just sometimes all you need to do is let them know.
I've been making this recipe for my whole life or I didn't know anything about this,
so I've done some research over the last week.
So, just let us know why we should believe you.
We want to believe you, give us a reason.
Same with good will.
The perception of whether the speaker has the best interest
of the audience's mind, just let us know.
Hey, you know what?
I'm in this with you.
I care about this just like you should, so just let us know that you have our best interest.
And then your previous statement, this goes at the end of the introduction,
it's a statement at the end of the introduction that identifies the main points to be discussed
in the body, it could include your central idea.
Just like a thesis statement, it goes at the end of the first paragraph.
Your previous statement and central idea go at the end of your introduction
and we'll see some examples how that's used here.
>> I never thought that much about the possible perils
of cell phones before I saw CBS News reported the subject earlier this year.
But doing extensive research for this speech, made me realize that cell phones do
in fact pose a danger to our health.
Now, don't worry, I'm not going to try to persuade you to abandon your constant companion.
I still use mine on a regular basis and I'll probably always will.
I do hope to persuade you to make one simple change in the way you use your cell phone,
a change that will protect your health and could even make the difference
between a long life and premature death.
>> So, she did a few things in there.
Yeah, she revealed the topic, but she also established some credibility and let us know,
hey I'm saving your life here, so some audience good will as well.
Okay, when you're preparing the introductions, some things you need to do.
Be concise in 10 to 20% of your speech.
So, just to give you an idea, we're talking a 5 minute speech, 10 to 20% would be 30
to 60 seconds because a 5 minute speech is 300 seconds.
So, 30 to 60 seconds there of a 10 minute speech would be 1 to 2 minutes, so keep that in mind.
Now, that's not a lot of time, but you don't have a lot of things to do,
you just have those five specific things.
Look for introductory materials as you do the research.
So, if you see that quotation or that startling statistic, pull it out or highlight it
so you can use it in the introduction.
And just because you use it in the introduction doesn't mean that you can't use it again
in the body of the speech, you can.
Be creative.
You're kind of locked in with the body of the speech, because you've got with,
you've got this structure whether that's chronological order
or problem solution or whatever.
In the introduction and the conclusion, you can be creative with stories and examples
that you use and then finalize the wording after the body is done.
Again, the introduction, you need to preview the body,
well you can't do that if you don't know what's in the body.
That's why you need to write the body of the speech
and then come back and do the introduction.
And then work out the content and the delivery in detail.
So, this is going to be the same for the introduction and the conclusion.
This matters, because your introduction is the first thing the audience is hearing from you.
So, you want to make sure that the wording is precise, so you get them to listen to you.
Later on in the body of the speech, it's less critical but it is critical up front
and in the conclusion because it's the last thing they'll get from you.
Okay, so we'll see a sample introduction here and just kind of going over again
that central idea and the main points.
>> The goal of my speech today, is to inform you about Ramadan,
specifically, its history and practices.
In the end, I hope you'll have a better understanding of this sacred time from Muslims
in the United States and around the globe.
>> As a result, I'm convinced that we need to take action now,
to combat the problem of phony pharmaceuticals.
Later in my speech, I'll share with you my plan for curbing the spread of these dangerous drugs.
Let's start by taking a look at the problem.
>> Okay, again just this is what I'm going to do, this is how I'm going to do it.
Okay, so the conclusion.
The conclusion doesn't do as much as the introduction but it's still critical.
The conclusion signals the end of the speech and reinforces the central idea, pretty much it.
You just need to let the audience know that the speech is ending and you need to reinforce
that central idea, because ultimately if the audience walks
about believing your central idea, you've done your job.
Everything in this speech is there to support or prove that central idea.
So if they walk away with that central idea you've done your job, okay.
A couple of different ways you could end your speech,
just like in the body you've got different structures for it, the conclusion,
you've got a couple of different ways you could do it.
The crescendo ending, this is building to a zenith of powered intensity!
So building up with your speech.
And we'll see and example here, this is the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
and I'll play the clip and I'll talk a little bit about how he does it.
>> Like anybody I would like to live a long life, longevity has its place
but I'm not concerned about that now.
I just want to do God's will.
And he's allowed me to go up to the mountain.
And I've looked over and I've seen the Promised Land.
I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight,
that we as a people will get to the Promised Land!
So, I'm happy tonight.
I'm not worried about anything.
I'm not fearing any man!
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord!
>> So, as we were listening to that, as he starts to speak, he kind of establish
and this is the end of the speech but he establishes kind of a volume rate pitch,
pause and all of that is kind of established upfront.
And when he gets to the end, he starts to speed up his speech rate.
He gets a little bit louder and then the pauses are fairly long, so he starts to build it up,
he pauses and then he comes back down.
But when he comes back down, he doesn't come all the way back down, it's a little bit louder.
And then he gets louder and the pause is a little shorter
and he's allowing the audience to interact with him.
And by the time he's done, he is speaking at a fairly high volume at a fairly fast rate
and that's drawing the audience out and getting the audience exciting and pumped up.
So that's that crescendo ending.
It's what we would expect to see in a motivational speech.
So, think of like you know, like a pregame speech or a half-time speech
if you're a sports person or a pep talk kind of speech.
So, a lot of times you'll see this in persuasive speeches or in ceremonial speeches.
The dissolve ending is different.
The dissolve ending is generating an emotional appeal by fading to a dramatic final statement.
It's letting the audience down and it's not building them up.
And the example here, I don't have a video example of this but if you think
of that Sarah Mcloughlin commercial, it's not her commercial but it's, it's either the dogs
or the kids and they've got the Sarah Mcloughlin song playing
and they show the dog next to a fence and it's all shaking.
And they fade to black, they dissolve it
because you didn't donate your money fast enough and now that poor dog is dead.
It's that.
It's drawing out the emotions and we feel so bad there,
but that is a way to end your speech, to dissolve it at the end.
Okay, you also need to reinforce that central idea,
so this could just be summarizing the speech just like we talked
about earlier with the transitions.
It's summarizing the speech and then restating the central idea.
So we see a summary right here in the conclusion.
>> In conclusion, we have seen that the AIDS epidemic is having a devastating effect
on African society.
An entire adult generation is slowly being wiped out.
An entirely new generation of AIDS orphans is being created.
Governments in the nations most afflicted, have neither the resources,
nor the expertise to counter the epidemic.
Many African economies are being crippled by the loss of people in the workplace.
Before it's too late, the United Nations in developed countries need
to increase their efforts to halt the epidemic and bring it under control.
The lives and well-being of tens of millions of people hang in the balance.
[ Applause ]
>> So, with this we heard the five main points that he talked about
and then we heard his thesis statement.
So, all he did was invert what he did in the introduction.
And the introduction, you give your thesis and preview your main points
with this you reviewed the main points and then gave the thesis and then did a dissolve ending,
the lives and well-being hang in the balance.
So, a nice dissolve ending in the conclusion.
Okay, when you're reinforcing the central idea, again, summarize it into the quotation,
you can make a dramatic final statement, so if you did that in the introduction
to get attention you can wrap it up in the conclusion and we'll see a couple
of examples here linking the introduction to the conclusion which is a good thing to do
because again, it lets the audience know you're finishing your speech.
>> It was supposed to be a time of celebration.
Five friends had gathered in the South Florida hotel room to celebrate a birthday.
[inaudible] Marshall, one of the five was turning 19.
But the day after the birthday party, a maid passing by the hotel room glanced
by a window and saw five dead bodies.
All five friends had been killed.
Their killer was silent, invisible, odorless and tasteless.
Their killer was carbon monoxide.
The friends had left their car running in a car port directly beneath their hotel room.
Carbon monoxide seeped into their room and took their lives as it does the lives
of 400 people in a year in the United States.
Remember those five friends I mention in the introduction of my speech?
Their deaths were tragic and unnecessary.
I hope the information I have provided today will help you avoid their fate by understanding
where carbon monoxide comes from, by recognizing the warning signs of carbon monoxide poisoning
and by following the simple preventive steps I've discussed.
You can make sure that you don't fall victim to the silent killer.
[ Applause ]
>> Okay, so she had again, previewed the introduction, went to the central idea
and then reviewed it in the end and tied it back to that story.
So we would assume the body of the speech was talking about carbon monoxide poisoning
and how to prevent it or avoid it or whatever.
Okay, we'll see another example here linking the introduction to the conclusion.
>> Today we have seen that compulsive hoarding is a serious mental disorder whose effects can
be devastating for individuals and families.
It's also difficult to treat which means that millions
of Americans are left living in a life of clutter and chaos.
My Aunt Josephina is one of those people.
She says, people look at my apartment and know I have a problem.
I look at my apartment and know I have a problem.
I'm trying to get it under control but it's a really long road.
For my Aunt Josephina and millions of others,
the good news is that understanding the problem is the first step toward conquering all
the stuff.
>> Okay, so when you're preparing the conclusion,
look for materials while you're researching.
Conclude with a bang, not a whimper.
The audience should know that you're, you're done.
They shouldn't think oh wait are they done?
They shouldn't be like, you know, like clapping and then oh no,
they should know that you're done with your speech.
Be brief, 5-10%, so about half of what your introduction is.
So, in a 5 minute speech you're really talking about 15-30 seconds for the conclusion.
It shouldn't be very long at all.
Again, work out the content and delivery in detail because this is the last thing,
this is the thing that the audience is going to walk away with.
Just to give you kind of an analogy of your speech.
I know we all like to eat.
We all like to go out to restaurants.
Your introduction is kind of like the appetizer, so when you,
if you go to a restaurant and you order appetizers.
If the appetizers are good, it's probably going to be a good meal.
The conclusion is like the dessert.
If it's a good dessert, it's probably going to be a good meal.
The body of the speech is the meal.
So, if you have a bad appetizer, you're not going to want to stay.
If you have a bad dessert, that's literally the last taste in your mouth
and it's going to be a bad experience.
So, you need to make sure the appetizers and the dessert are what you want them to be.
Okay, next time we're going to go over outlining your speech.
In my class this is a really important thing and makes up, let's see your outlines make
up about 10% of your overall grade.
So make sure you do that correctly, so next time, outlining your speech.