>> Okay, hello again class.
Today we're going to go on to Chapter Nine in the Lucas text.
This is organizing the Speech.
So, at this point you should have selected your topic.
You have come up with the purpose of your speech.
You've decided what type of information you need in your speech.
You've gone and gathered all that information,
and now you need to organize that information in your speech.
So, that's what we're going to be talking about.
Okay, so organizing the speech.
What we're really talking about is strategic organization, and that's organizing the speech
to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.
That means that whatever speech you're doing,
if you have one audience you might organize it one way,
but if you have a different audience you might organize it a different way,
and we'll see an example of that a little bit later on.
Okay. So, what we're talking about organizing really here is, the main points.
And, the main points are the major points developed in the body of the speech and most
of the speech's that you'll do will have between two and five.
So, yes you could have more than five, but you really need to have a compelling reason
to have more than five, and you really should never have less than two,
because then there's just a laundry list of information.
So, if you have more than five, have a reason to have more than five.
Now, you can also strategically organize the sub points, but not quite as critical,
because the information might not need the same level of organization,
but whatever you're doing whether it's with the main points
or the sub points you need to be consistent.
If you choose one pattern for the main points you need to stick
with that for all the main points.
Now, you can choose a different pattern and we'll see an example in a second,
for the sub points, but they need to be consistent as well.
Okay, so when you're preparing your main points, a couple of things to keep in mind.
First, keep them separate.
No ands in there.
Make sure that there are distinct main points.
Try to use the same pattern of wording for the main points.
That helps your audience identify them.
And then, balance the time devoted to each one.
Now, that doesn't mean that everything needs to be exactly equal,
but they should be relatively close.
If you've got a main point that's 45 seconds, they should all be around that.
You shouldn't have one main point that's 20 seconds, one main point that's a minute,
and one main point that's a minute and a half, unless your speech dictates that.
Sometimes, your speech might have a main point that's just defining a few terms
and that's a short main point, that's fine.
If it needs to be that way then it needs to be that way,
but you need to have a reason for that.
It needs to make sense.
But, the time should be devoted.
It should be balanced there, so about equal.
But then, you don't have to manage the seconds on that.
Okay, so the first way that you can organize your speech is chronologically,
so chronological order.
The main points follow a time pattern.
So, anything that has a beginning or an end, or you know, start to finish, or any kind of order
to it, is going to fall in to chronological order.
So, an example here: Building the Great Wall began during the Qin dynasty
of 221 to206 B.C. New sections of the Great Wall were added during the Han dynasty of 205 B. C.
to 220 A.D., and the Great Wall was completed during the Ming Dynasty of 1368 to 1644.
So, we started when the Wall started being built, and we ended when it ended being built.
Now, there is a time gap in there between the second and third main points.
You probably want to address that with a transition, but other than that this is fine.
Okay. Spatial Orders.
Main points follow a directional pattern.
So, anything that's moving whether that's literal or figurative, whether that's in, out,
up, down, top, bottom, anything that shows any kind of movement is spatial order.
So, main points follow a directional pattern, so for example here.
At the center of a Hurricane is the calm, cloud-free eye.
Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, a dense ring of clouds,
clouds that produces the most intense wind and rainfall,
and rotating around the eyewall are large bands of clouds
and precipitation called spiral rain bands.
Now, we're starting at the center here and we're moving out.
And, if we're talking about a hurricane, we could easily have started
with the spiral rain bands and then moved in towards the center, that's fine.
It's your decision on how you want to organize that, but what you don't want to do is,
in this example, you would not want to start at the eye wall and then move
to the eye, and then move to the rain bands.
You're not moving in one direction.
You need to go in to out, or out to in, or in this case you could go top to bottom.
Right? What's a hurricane in the stratosphere, the atmosphere, and ground level?
It doesn't matter as long as you're consistent with it so the audience can follow along.
Okay, and we'll see this person give this -- organize this speech here.
>> Now that we've looked at the relatively calm eye of the hurricane,
let's take a look at the next ring of the storm.
Surrounding the eye of the hurricane is the eyewall; a dense ring of clouds
that produce the most wind and rainfall.
It's very hard to see the eyewall from above, but you can see it more clearly in this graphic.
The eye is the lighter colored area in the middle,
and the eyewall is the darker area on the sides.
Winds in the eyewall exceed 155 miles per hour which is why this part
of the storm can cause so much destruction.
>> Okay. Moving on, the next one we have is, Causal Order.
That is causal, that is not casual.
Casual is c - a - s - u - a - l, this is causal order.
The main points show a cause-effect relationship, or an effect-caused relationship.
So, depending on the speech you're doing you can choose which one you want to go first.
So, our example here: The U.S. faces a shortage of qualified air-traffic controllers.
If this shortage continues, it will create serious problems for airline safety.
And, this is one of those areas where depending
on who your audience is, you might change the order.
So, with this I've got cause and effect,
so if my audience is airline passengers this is probably the order that I want to go in.
But, if my audience is made up of airline pilots, the second main point the,
the effect they probably know, so I don't need to spend as much time
so maybe I'm doing that one first.
Maybe I'm starting off with the effect and then spending more time on the cause.
Okay, Problem-Solution Order.
It might seem like it's the same as cause and effect, but it's a little bit different.
The first main point is the problem and the second main point is the solution.
You cannot reverse the order with this.
You must establish the problem before you present the solution.
If you present your solution first, then you're solving a problem the audience doesn't have
and then when you give them the problem they might be confused.
So, problem-solution order is in that order.
Give the problem, then the solution.
So, an example here: Puppy mills are a serious problem across the U.S. And,
solving the problem requires legislation and individual initiative.
So, in this case the audience might not know what a puppy mill is, or why it's a problem,
so you need to spend a lot of time establishing that problem, and once you've done
that then the audience needs a solution to that problem and then you can give them the solution.
Okay, so let's listen to a portion of this speech and see how he handles it.
>> In addition to suffering from physical problems,
dogs in puppy mills are often emotionally unstable.
Some are dangerously violent and aggressive, others are empathetic and lack any desire
to interact with people, or animals.
Because of the over-crowing in puppy mills some animals literally go crazy
and chew off the ears, legs, and tails of other dogs.
But, you can see for yourself what the dogs have to endure.
Here's a picture of a puppy mill, provided by the U.S. Humane Society.
As you can see, the cages are stacked one on top of another, and the dogs are packed
in to the cages like sardines in to a can.
The dogs are not let out to go to the bathroom, so the cages are filled with waste
and become breeding grounds for the diseases I mentioned earlier in my speech.
You can get a better sense of how disgusting a puppy mill is from this photo,
taken after the dogs were removed by animal officials.
You can see how narrow the cages are and how they're crammed one against the other.
You can see that there's filth and debris everywhere.
>> Okay, so you can see, in this case, once he established
that problem now everyone needs a solution to it, and he can move on with that.
Okay, the next one is: Topical Order, not tropical order.
Doesn't matter if you're talking about hurricanes or drinks
with umbrella's, it's not tropical order.
Topical order, the main points divide the topic in to logical, consistent subtopics.
This is kind of the catch all.
If it doesn't fit in to anything else, it's probably topical.
But again, consistency is the key here.
You need to be consistent in what you're doing.
Okay, so an example here: As a teacher,
Ida Wells-Barnett opposed inferior schools for African-Americans.
As a journalist, Wells-Barnett campaigned against lynching.
And, as a civic organizer, Wells-Barnett helped found the NAACP.
Now, normally a biography would go in chronological order.
We would say they were born here, they went to school there,
they got this job this time, and they died here.
So, that's the normal order for a biography, but this is different
because these things probably all happened at the same time, or kind of overlapped
and you don't want to do a back and forth with the chronological order.
So, we broke this person's life up in to activities.
So, topical order.
So, if you organize your speech and I asked you, "Hey, why'd you organize it that way?"
Or, "How did you organize it?"
And, you say, "It's topical" and I say, "Why did you do it that way?"
You should have a reason, because that's the best way for this topic, and that's fine.
If you say, "I don't know" that's probably not a good answer.
Okay. Supporting materials.
This is the stuff that you're going to be organizing,
the materials used to support your ideas.
That's all of the stuff that fills in the body of your speech.
And then, we need to connect all those things together, connect all the main points together,
and these are the words of phrases connecting the ideas, and there are four different types
of connectives that we'll talk about.
We have transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.
So, a transition is pretty basic.
It indicates a speaker's finished one thought and is moving on to another.
Now that we have a clear understanding of the problem, let me share the solution.
This is really important to do in a problem-solution,
because if you don't' do a clear transition the audience might think you're still talking
about the problem when you've moved on to the solution.
So, now that we've done one, let's look at the other.
Internal Preview.
This is important early in the speech, or if you have a fairly complex speech.
It's a statement in the body of the speech indicating what the speaker will discuss next.
"In discussing how Asian Americans have been stereotyped in the mass media,
we'll look first at the origins of the problem and second at its continuing impact today."
So, we can see these are the first two main points that this person's going to talk about.
In internal summary, it's kind of the opposite.
It's a statement in the body of the speech summarizing the preceding points.
This is something that would go towards the end of the speech, before your conclusion
or in the middle of the speech if it's a fairly complex speech or a fairly long speech.
So, "First, we have seen that American's criminal justice system is not deterring crime.
Second, we've seen that prison rehabilitation programs are not successful."
And, I would expect that the next thing would be the solution to this problem.
Okay. Signpost.
These are done in shorter speeches, like the ones you guys will be doing.
It's just a brief statement showing where the speaker, or focusing attention on key ideas.
It just lets the listener know where you are in the speech so they can kind of follow along.
So, for example: "The first cause of the problem is inefficient agricultural production.
The second cause is recurrent drought in the affected countries.
And the Final cause is mismanagement of available food resources."
So, with this one, if it were a longer speech you might even use theses signposts in,
for the sub points in one of the main points.
If we were doing problem-cause-solution, for example.
Okay. As you watch the following speech I want you
to identify the following things: What are the main points?
What are the sub points?
What evidence is being presented?
What organizational structure?
And, what transitions are being used for this?
And, you can either keep the answers here internally,
or post them on the discussion board.
Okay. Next time we're going to go through beginning and ending your speech.