>> Okay, class, we're going to go ahead and pick up on Chapter 7, Gathering Materials.
But let's kind of recap what we've done before.
So we went over what public speaking is, the ethics of public speaking, how listening works
and how to help your audience listen better, how to give your first speech,
how to select your topic and purpose.
And then how to analyze your audience and why that's important.
So now we're to gathering materials.
And this is going to be the bulk of what goes into your speech.
This is going to be all of the supporting information for those main points
that support your central idea or your thesis.
So let's get started with this.
So where do you go?
Well, just like with selecting your purpose, your topic and purpose,
the first place you go is to draw on personal experience.
Sometimes that's not going to be enough, though.
So, yeah, if you're going to do a how to make a grilled cheese sandwich for a group
of second graders you can probably draw on personal experience.
But if you're going to do how to make a grilled cheese sandwich
for 30 year olds you're probably going to want to do a little bit more research on things
like different types of cheeses and breads
and what will go together and all that kind of stuff.
So you can draw on personal experience for some speeches but not for all speeches.
So beyond that other places to go you could go to the library, the internet,
and we'll go over the different types of resources
that are available and each one of those.
And then there are other resources you can utilize.
Okay, so let's take a look at the library.
So library resources there are a few.
You've got the librarians which are a fantastic resource
that a lot of people don't actually use.
So make sure you're using librarians, and we'll talk about the differences there.
And then the catalogs that the library has
and then the periodical databases they also have online.
So we'll talk about each of those.
And then the library also has newspapers as part of the periodical database.
And then reference works.
And that's kind of -- this stuff is kind of either in the front or the back of the library,
the stuff you can't actually check out.
Okay. So the librarians, there are two different types of librarians in the library.
And the first type is the circulation librarian.
And they're there to help you check books in and out.
Now, they could tell you where sections are or how to find some stuff that are actually
in the library or how to use the website.
But their main job is to just check the books in and out.
It's the research librarians who are there to really help you research.
So they're there to help students find materials.
Now, the great thing with the research librarians is they might not necessarily know
where that specific thing is, but they'll know how to find it,
and they'll know what types of things to help you find.
So make sure you're using them.
Now, if you don't know where the research librarians are,
if you just walk up to the front counter to the circulation librarian and say, hey,
where's the research librarian they will point you in the right direction.
Okay. So we've got librarians and then we've got catalogs.
And this is the listing of all the books and periodicals
and other resources owned by the library.
And the catalog now it's online so you can get to it
from your house or from the library computers.
And they'll tell you kind of what shelf everything is on and where the stuff is.
And then same for periodicals and the other stuff.
Okay, so beyond the catalog we have the periodical database.
And this is a research aid that catalogs articles for many journals, magazines,
newspapers will also be in there.
Anything that comes out periodically you're going to use the periodical database.
And this is going to be things like Wilson or Lexis Nexus or EBSCOhost or any of those things.
So as you advance in your academic career you're going to be using these more and more often.
Okay. So one feature of the periodical database is most articles are going to have abstracts.
So an abstract is good because it's a summary of the magazine or the journal article.
So the nice thing is it allows you to read a short paragraph on what's in that article.
And you can determine if this is something that is going to work for you or not work for you
so you'll know, hey, this isn't going to work,
I don't need to bother trying to get ahold of the full text.
Or, hey yeah, this sounds like it's exactly what I need, I need to get that article now.
Now one thing to be aware of, though, is don't just cite the abstract.
If it's something that looks like it's going to work you need to get that article and read it,
and then you cite from the article, not from just the abstract.
Okay. Newspapers are another type of periodical.
And there are three different types of newspapers out there.
We have local, national and international.
Now, local papers as you might imagine are going to really focus on local issues.
So in [inaudible] and Menifee and Temecula and Murrieta and Hemet we have local papers
that just kind of focus on things that are going on in town or in the region.
You've also got kind of regional papers that are kind of in between there.
You've got things like the San Bernardino County Sun,
and you've got the Riverside Press Enterprise.
They'll have local editions, but it's more of a regional kind of an Inland Empire kind of paper.
You've got LA Times that tend to focus more on LA in general but also some national news.
And then you've got national papers like the Washington Post
or the New York Times or USA Today.
And those are going to be national focused papers.
And then international papers are going to be things like the London Times, the Paris Times.
They're going to focus on international issues.
So depending on what you're researching if it's local go to a local paper.
Don't go to the LA Times to try to find out what's going
on in a Menifee City Counsel meeting.
It's not going to happen.
You need to go to a local paper because they're going to have local stuff.
And you wouldn't go to the local paper necessarily to find out what's going
on with the President's overseas trip.
Go to the national or the international papers for that.
So go to the right paper.
Okay. Reference works these are the things that are going to either be
in the front or the back of the library.
These are the ones you can't really check out.
You can only use them in the library.
So these are works that synthesize a large amount of related information.
So it's going to be things like encyclopedias.
If it's the print copy it's going to be the big volumes of them.
It's going to be 20 or 30 books.
We have these online now.
It's going to be things like yearbooks, whether it's a high school or a college yearbook.
Or things that are just published every year.
Those are going to be a reference work.
Quotation books, so these would be quotations from a type of person
so like presidential quotations or from a particular person.
I've got a quotation book from Thomas Jefferson.
So if I want a Jefferson quote I could go to that book and look it up by category
and say what did Jefferson say about education?
Or what did Jefferson say about rights or whatever it is.
And it's a reference work there.
Biographical aid that's going to be presidents of the U.S., vice president.
It's going to be something that's a very broad category of information there.
Now a quick note on reference works.
In general you don't need to cite the reference work.
Although if it's something like a quotation book you would cite
where that original quotation came from.
Okay. Internet searching, because we all know this is where you're going
to start your search most of the time.
So internet searching we've got search engines, we've got specialized resources,
virtual libraries, government resources, and then multicultural resources.
We'll talk about these all individually or not.
So search engines these are going to be things like Google, Microsoft Bing, Yahoo!.
There used to be a lot of different search engines, but there aren't a lot anymore.
Specialized resources are going to be placed like Hoover which is a business resource
that will let you know about very specific business things.
Amazon would be a specialized resource for shopping.
Virtual Library so it's going to be things like Google Docs might be a virtual library.
Or Project Gutenberg which is going to have books that are online only.
Government resources things like CIA.gov or Census Bureau or BLS,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, so government resources are going to be there.
And then multicultural resources those are going to be things from particular cultural groups.
There will be their websites that you can access to find out about those particular cultures.
So utilize those.
And then when you get to the internet, now we're talking about the internet so we need
to evaluate what's on the internet because despite what the TV commercials say just
because it's on the internet doesn't mean that it's true.
So how do you evaluate an internet document?
Well, you need to know the authorship.
Who wrote it?
That's kind of important because just because it's out there doesn't make it true.
You need to know who that author is.
Now, if there's no author you go to the corporate author.
So if I go to the Kaiser Foundation web page or the Kaiser medical web page,
if there's no specific author for the article then I'm citing it as the Kaiser Group
or however they identify themselves.
So there's an author there, it just might be a corporate author.
I want to know who sponsored it.
Now in that example with Kaiser, Kaiser sponsored it.
But otherwise we might find articles or surveys or research on the internet that is by a person,
but we want to know who paid for that.
So who is that author affiliated with?
Is it a university or is it a think tank or is it a research group
or is it a business or is it a medical facility?
So know who sponsored that.
Because we could look back at examples of studies that were done
that said cigarette smoking is not harmful to your health.
And we find out that, yeah, those authors did studies and they said those things,
but they were sponsored by the cigarette companies.
So know who is the sponsor, who paid for it.
So the old axiom follow the money so who paid for that.
And the how recent is it?
It might seem silly, but you need to get research that's fairly recent.
Because sometimes if the research is a little bit older it becomes
out of date and it's not useful anymore.
In general two years is probably okay.
Five years for a lot of times is probably still okay.
It depends on the category, though.
For example, if I'm doing something on --
doing a paper on [inaudible] or William Shakespeare is probably okay.
They're not writing a lot nowadays seeing as how they're all dead and everything.
So five years, ten years, 50 years might not make a lot of difference.
But something NASA, if I want to talk about what NASA's doing,
five years ago is a huge amount of time ago.
Five years ago NASA still had space shuttles.
Now they don't.
So recency matters.
Okay. So when you're evaluating internet documents who wrote it,
who paid for it and how recent is it.
And if you don't know who wrote it and no one is taking responsibility you probably need
to steer clear.
Okay. So all of that is secondary research.
Sometimes you want to do primary research.
And this is when you're getting information on your own.
So sometimes you do a research interview.
And that's an interview to get information for your speech.
So when you do this you need to prepare questions,
and you need to prepare them ahead of time.
You want to avoid questions that you could answer without the interview.
So if you want to find out what's going on with the school and what's going on with bond money
and construction, you might want to ask the dean of operations or the vice president
of operations or the president of the college.
But check the website first to find out what information is there.
You don't want to go schedule a meeting with the president of the college to ask questions
that you could have easily found on the internet.
So avoid asking questions you can answer without the interview.
Don't ask leading questions, right?
So when we build these new buildings are you going to continue
to rip students off with tuition?
No, don't do that.
You are not an investigative reporter with this.
If they're giving you an interview you want to be gracious and courteous
and don't ask hostile or loaded questions, right?
The classic, are you going to admit to beating your wife or are you going to deny it?
No, none of that.
You need to ask questions that are authentic questions, that are not counterfeit questions.
That are questions that really are useful to your research.
Okay. When you're doing research, not just research interviews
but just all research start early.
And that doesn't mean start at two a.m. on the day the speech is due.
That means start several weeks at least before your speech is due
or as early as you possibly can.
Make a preliminary bibliography.
And what that means is when you've got the topic and you know what kind of things you're going
to need for that think about what you already have, what other textbooks you have,
what other papers you've done so you might already have some information ready to go.
So make a preliminary bibliography.
And then make an annotated bibliography.
And if you're not familiar with this this is really doing your bibliographic citation
and then making a note about it or annotating it.
So it looks kind of like this.
So an annotated bibliography includes a complete citation.
You're going to need that citation anyway.
Whether it's a paper or a speech you're going to have cite stuff.
So you need that anyway so you might as well get that information.
And then briefly describe the source.
And then include any stats or quotes or anything that you're going to want
to use in your speech or in your paper.
So, for example, if I wanted to use the 11th edition
of the textbook I would go Lucas, S.E. (2012).
The Art of Public Speaking (11th edition).
Boston: McGraw Hill.
Now, this is all the information that I would need for an APA citation.
So I've got it there.
It's not quite in an APA citation format.
I don't have a hanging indent there for the second line.
But I could easily put this into a bibliography for an APA citation.
Now, if I wanted to do an MLA citation I would need the author's first name as well,
and I would structure it a little bit differently.
Okay, so that's my citation there or the information for the citation.
And then I want to describe what it is and give quotes if I need them.
This is a public speaking textbook.
In this book the author states that Wikipedia "...can be a good place
to start learning about a topic..."
(p. 127). There is also a reference
to reliability being comparable to print encyclopedias (p.
127). Okay, so there's a lot going on with this.
So if I look at this block down here I'm telling myself really at this point what this book is.
It's a public speaking textbook.
And in the book the author states that Wikipedia, now there's a quote.
Now this quote, there are a couple of things here.
I have an ellipse, that's that dot, dot, dot before can.
And that means there were words before that that I eliminated.
So that let's me know that something came before.
So can be a good place to start, and there's italics there.
That lets me know to emphasize that word.
And that emphasis is original because it's not in brackets,
and there's nothing stating that the emphasis was added.
So can be a good place to start learning about at topic, and there's an ellipses at the end
which means that there's stuff after that as well.
And then there's the page 127.
So that lets me know that that's a quote from Lucas,
those are Lucas's words, and they came from that page.
Now, the second one here there's also a reference to reliability being comparable
to print encyclopedias, page 127.
Now, this lets me know that it's a paraphrase.
I don't have quotations there so they aren't Lucas's words.
But because there's a page citation it lets me know that it's Lucas's idea.
So my words, Lucas's idea so I'd still need a citation.
Now, here's the thing.
When you are done with your research and you have a whole bunch of annotations
in your annotated bibliography, really then all you're doing is matching these up with
where they go in your speech to support the main points.
And the stuff is already done.
So it really saves you a lot of time later.
So you should -- I would recommend getting in a habit
of doing annotated bibliographies as you do your research.
Okay. So start early, make a preliminary bibliography, make an annotated bibliography.
And then think about the materials you're going to use.
What do you need?
Do you just need newspaper?
Do you just need books?
What is it that you need?
Do you need examples, do you need statistics, test money?
We'll talk about that later on in the next chapter.
Take notes efficiently whatever that means for you.
If that's Cornell notes.
My recommendation is wherever you're doing your research open
up a Word doc, make an annotated bibliography.
If you're doing internet research grab that url.
That's that www on the top.
Grab that and copy and paste it into your annotated bibliography.
Now, we can get back to it if you need to.
But whatever you're doing take it efficiently, take plenty of notes.
It doesn't cost you anything to take more notes so take plenty of notes.
Record in a consistent format.
If it's handwriting, if it's a Word doc, whatever,
and the make a separate entry for each.
Make sure you're not blending your different sources.
That way you know what came from where.
And then distinguish it between direct quotations, paraphrases and then your own ideas
so you know where the stuff came from and where it's going.
Okay. Next time we're going to go over supporting your ideas.
So really what we're going to talk about is what you're going to get when you're at the library
or on the internet doing your research, that's going to be those examples,
those statistics and the testimony.
Okay, as usual have a fantastic day, and we'll see you next time.