>> So in class today we're going to be going over ethics in public speaking,
and this is chapter 2 in your Lucas [assumed spelling] textbook.
So before we can get in to ethics and ethical guidelines and all of that kind of stuff,
we need to -- we need to define some stuff.
So when we're talking about ethics we need to define ethics
as being slightly different than legal and moral.
So a lot of times what's ethical, what's legal, and what's moral all have to do
with right and wrong in human decisions.
So according to your text weighing a potential course of action
against ethical standards is that ethical decision making.
But ethics are a little bit different than laws and morals.
Laws come from governments or institutions and they're codified, meaning they're written down
and if you're unsure if something is legal or not someone will let you know.
Whether it's law enforcement officers or a court somewhere,
someone will let you know if it's legal.
Morals are a little bit different.
Morals come from society and, to a certain extent, institutions like churches and schools
and that kind of stuff, and what's moral has to do with what's right
and wrong based on their standards.
But those can change by time and place
so what we would consider moral now might not be considered moral in the future or,
to put it another way, what was moral in the past isn't necessarily moral anymore
if we're thinking about things like child labor or child marriage, stuff like that.
So we have what's legal, what's moral, and what's ethical, and ethics come more
from the activity you're engaged in or from the occupation.
So if we think about ethical standards we think about things like -- professions like lawyers,
doctors, educators, law enforcement, those types of things.
Business people.
CEOs. And they all have ethical standards
that they weigh the potential course of action against.
So what might be ethical for one of them might be unethical for another.
For example, disclosure.
If you're a lawyer you can't disclose what your client says to you or if you're a doctor
or if you're a priest you can't disclose.
However, if you're in law enforcement or if you're in education there's times
where you're a mandatory reporter.
So ethics can be a little bit different.
So with you guys, because you're going to be delivering speeches,
you need to know what those ethical standards are for giving a speech.
So the guidelines here.
You need to make sure you have ethically sound goals.
You need to make sure you're fully prepared.
Make sure you're honest.
You need to avoid name calling and abusive language.
And you need to put your principles in to practice.
And we'll go through all these one at a time here.
So ethically sound goals.
Your goals need to be in the best interest of the audience
or the audience must be fully informed.
So if you're trying to convince someone to donate their money,
well giving away their money is not in their best interest,
but if they know where the money is going, how it's going to be spent, what it's going to,
then they're fully informed and that's fine.
But you can't try to persuade them to give up their money if they're not fully informed.
So your goal needs to be in the best interest of the audience or they need to know about it.
And it cannot include illegal, immoral, or unethical elements.
So you can't try to -- You can't convince them to rob a bank.
That's illegal.
Well, I'm not robbing the bank.
Someone else -- No.
You can't do that.
So you can't include those things.
You need to be fully prepared.
The audience will believe you even if you're wrong.
When you step in front of the podium or the microphone, the audience believes you.
So make sure that you are fully informed, that you're prepared.
Don't waste their time with an unprepared speech.
Be honest.
That means statements must be accurate to the best of your informed knowledge.
That doesn't mean you search the internet
to find the first thing that agrees with your viewpoint.
That means you need to do enough research to show, "You know what?
This is the consensus within this particular field."
And if your viewpoint is not part of the consensus, you need to acknowledge the consensus
and acknowledge that it's outside the consensus.
So statements must be accurate to the best of your informed knowledge.
And don't use statements that can be clearly misconstrued.
So if I wanted to convince you all to donate
to Newman's [assumed spelling] fund for wayward dogs, it's just $1.
Just donate $1 to Newman's fund for wayward dogs.
Well, you know what?
That's not honest because there is no fund for wayward dogs.
That could just be I need to buy dog food for my dogs and I want you to pay for it.
It's clearly misconstrued because you think wayward dogs is
like a charity and it's not a charity.
Yeah. I got my dogs from the pound, but it's not a charity.
No. Don't send me $1.
Okay. So be honest.
And then you must use due diligence.
You need to do the research.
Again you can't just go to the first thing that supports what you have to say because,
let's be honest, it doesn't matter how crazy it is, you can find support for it on the internet.
Plausible deniability, yeah, not acceptable.
Well, I looked for it.
That's what I heard.
No. Doesn't work like that.
Okay. Name calling.
Using language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
Don't do this.
We'll talk about that more when we get in to the language chapter.
And then near and dear to everyone's heart, or at least college students' hearts, plagiarism.
And yeah. That's how you spell that word.
Presenting language, ideas of another, as one's own.
And we have three different types we'll talk about.
We'll talk about global plagiarism, patchwork plagiarism, and incremental plagiarism.
Now global plagiarism, I don't really worry about this in a speech class all that much.
This is stealing a speech from a single source and passing it off as one's own.
This would be having someone else write your speech
and then delivering it and you're still delivering it.
And if you've ever tried to read something that someone else wrote,
it's actually more difficult to do.
So global plagiarism, you see this more in English classes
where someone's getting a paper from a paper mill.
Don't start looking for that as a solution for your English class.
So global plagiarism.
Patchwork plagiarism is a little bit different.
Patchwork plagiarism is stealing ideas or language from two or three sources
and passing them off as your own.
So that would be let's say you're going to do a speech on hybrid cars or let's say you're going
to do a speech on alternative fuel vehicles.
And you go to the Toyota website and they've got a new hydrogen vehicle out.
And Chevy's got a Chevy Volt and Mini Cooper has an electric Mini Cooper.
And someone else has a -- Let's say Volkswagen's got a biodiesel out.
So you take a paragraph from each of those.
You put them in to your speech.
You slap an introduction and conclusion on it and call it a speech.
Well, the problem with that is it's going to sound like four people wrote your paper
because four people wrote your paper or wrote your speech.
So you're going to have tense shift.
You're going to have, you know, that car will, our part does, stuff like that.
So don't do that.
How do you get around that?
Well, do your research.
Paraphrase it.
Put it in to your own words.
And cite your source.
You go from being a filthy plagiarist to being an excellent researcher.
So -- And it makes it easier for you to deliver your actual speech.
Okay. Incremental plagiarism is a little bit different.
And incremental plagiarism is failing to give credit for parts
of a speech borrowed from others.
Let's say in that previous speech I just talked about you wound
up not using the Chevy Volt information because it's a hybrid.
It's not truly an electric car.
But there was something you read on the Chevy site so you stuck it in your introduction,
but you didn't remember that you read it there.
It's just a turn of phrase or it's an example or something,
and you stick it in there and you don't cite it.
Are you plagiarizing?
Well, yes, because if we go back to the definition of plagiarism you failed
to give credit for a part of the speech.
So what do you do?
Well, you need to cite it so you need to go back over your speech and make sure
that you're citing what you need to cite.
Okay. Plagiarism and the internet.
If it's on the internet, you do need to cite it.
Yes. Cite sources when using internet materials.
And there are very specific ways that you need to cite it.
Make sure that you're taking careful notes when you're doing your research.
And again we'll go over this in more depth when we get
to the research chapter, but take careful notes.
And then you as a speaker, those of you as a speaker -- Those are your guidelines.
But you also have guidelines as a listener.
And for a lot of instructors this is a huge pet peeve, not being an ethical listener.
Speech making is a two way street.
Listeners have that ethical obligation.
So guidelines for listening.
Be courteous and attentive.
Don't do your math homework while people are speaking.
I mean think about this.
If you were up at the podium and you're trying to make sure your audience is engaged
in listening to what you have to say and you look out and someone's doing their math homework
or playing on their phone or surfing the web or shopping on their laptop, yeah,
you can't really tell what's on their screen on their phone or their laptop,
but you can tell it has nothing to do with your speech.
So be courteous.
Be attentive.
Don't prejudge the speaker.
For the most part, you're not going to necessarily need to dress up for your speeches.
So when the speaker is speaking, base your judgment on what they're saying, their ideas,
not necessarily how they say it or how they look.
Maintain a free expression of ideas.
Now this is going to become more important when we get
to the later chapters, when we get in to persuasion.
There's really not a lot of controversy if someone's trying to teach your
or demonstrate how to make cake pops or how to make decorations for a birthday party,
but when we get in to the persuasive speeches and people are trying to convince you
to believe something or do something, it gets a little sticky.
So maintain a free expression of ideas.
Listen to what someone has to say.
Again don't prejudge them.
And you'll be fine.
And what's the worst thing that could happen if you listen to someone try to convince you
to do something you don't want to do?
Well, worse thing that can happen is you're going
to change what you do or change what you believe.
Okay. So next time we are going to go over giving your first speech and how to do
that because that should be coming up pretty soon.
Okay? Thank you very much, and have a wonderful day.