- WELCOME TO OUR VIDEO TUTORIAL
THAT WILL INTRODUCE BASICALLY BIOCHEMISTRY,
PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND BIOENERGETICS.
LET'S GET STARTED.
SO AS FROM AN ENERGETIC POINT OF VIEW,
IT'S ALL ABOUT METABOLISM.
SO METABOLISM IS A VERY BROAD GLOBAL TERM,
IT REPRESENTING ALL BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND REALLY IN RELATIONSHIP TO ENERGY,
PRODUCTION AND STORAGE.
AND SO METABOLISM CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO TWO MAJOR PROCESSES.
ANABOLISM WHICH IS SYNTHETIC AND WE'LL SEE REDUCTIVE
AND THIS REQUIRES ENERGY,
AND THEN CATABOLISM IS DEGRADATIVE AND SO WE START--
WE'RE STARTING TO BE AWARE OF OXIDATION
AS A DEGRADATIVE PROCESS.
BUT THIS IS HOW WE PRODUCE ENERGY, SO OVER--
IF WE LOOK AT METABOLISM OVERALL,
HERE'S OUR FOOD,
SO THE CLARITY IS NOT THE BEST BUT OUR FOOD IS CARBOHYDRATES,
PROTEINS AND FATS.
AND SO THOSE ARE ALL LARGE MOLECULES
AND SO THROUGH CATABOLISM,
WE BREAK THEM DOWN.
AND THE GOOD PART IS WE GET ENERGY
OUT THAT WE CAN USE TO FUEL OUR BEING ALIVE.
AND THAT LEADS US TO THE SMALL MOLECULES
AND THEN THROUGH ANABOLIC PROCESSES,
WE NEED TO BRING ENERGY IN
AND THEN WE CAN PRODUCE THE LARGE MOLECULES
THAT WE NEED FOR OUR HEALTH.
THERE WE GO. OKAY.
SO WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT CATABOLISM, RIGHT?
THINK ABOUT BREAKDOWN AND WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT ANABOLISM,
THINK ABOUT BUILDING.
AND THE WAY I KEEP THEM STRAIGHT IS I THINK ABOUT
PROFESSIONAL SPORTS AND WE HEAR ABOUT SOME ATHLETES USING
ANABOLIC STEROIDS TO BUILD THEIR MUSCLE MASS.
ALL RIGHTY.
AND SO THEN OUR GOAL IS GOING TO BE TO--
IN THESE NEXT
FEW CHAPTERS IS WE'RE GOING TO LOOK CATABOLISM MOSTLY,
HOW DO WE BREAK DOWN OUR FOOD AND GET ENERGY FROM IT AND SO
WHEN WE LOOK HERE, RIGHT?
WE RECOGNIZE PROTEINS,
CARBOHYDRATES AND FATS AS OUR FOOD.
AND THEN THIS FIRST STAGE
OF CATABOLISM IS GOING TO BE HYDROLYSIS.
WE WILL USE WATER AND VARIOUS ENZYMES
TO BREAK DOWN OUR FOOD INTO THESE SMALL MOLECULES.
AND THEN WE WILL BREAK THEM DOWN EVEN FURTHER
AND SO ON THE SECOND STAGE OF CATABOLISM,
WE CAN THINK OF THIS AS ACETYL-COA PRODUCTION.
NOTICE THAT ALL ROADS, ALL ROADS LEAD TO ACETYL-COA
BECAUSE THEN IT FEEDS INTO THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
AND THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
WHICH IS THEN REALLY WHERE WE GET THE ENERGY PRODUCTION.
SO IN THE NEXT FEW CHAPTERS,
WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT PROTEINS AND THEIR BUILDING BLOCK,
AMINO ACIDS, THE MAKE-UP OF CARBOHYDRATES AND FATS AND THEN
WE'LL LOOK ENERGETICALLY AT HOW THIS ALL WORKS.
SO ON THE NEXT PAGE, WE'LL JUST HAVE A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
TO EACH OF THESE IMPORTANT BIOMOLECULES
AND WE'LL START WITH PROTEINS.
LOOKING AT THEIR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
AND YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE ARE SUCH A DIVERSE RANGE
OF FUNCTIONS THAT PROTEINS PLAY WITHIN OUR BODY.
WE CAN'T START TO BREAK THEM DOWN
AND IN THE CHAPTERS ON PROTEINS WE'LL LOOK MORE CLOSELY AT THIS.
WE CAN SEE THAT PROTEINS COME IN SEVERAL KIND OF THEMES.
SO HERE IF WE LOOK AT STRUCTURE AND CONTRACTION,
THAT'S WHERE WE'RE GOING TO FOCUS ON THE FIBROUS PROTEINS
AND THEN THE GLOBULAR PROTEINS,
THOSE WILL HAVE TO DO WITH MORE OF THE ENZYMES,
IMMUNITY AND TRANSPORT.
AND SO WE WILL SEE GLOBULAR PROTEINS
RIGHT UP HERE WITH IMMUNITY.
AND THEN ANYTIME YOU SEE GLOBIN, YOU KNOW, RIGHT?
THERE'S OUR ENZYMES AND THEN EVEN UNDER TRANSPORT
AND SO WHEN WE WILL LOOK AT THE THIRD--
THE THIRD TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT'S FOCUSING ON TRANSPORT ARE
THE MEMBRANE PROTEINS.
AND SO HERE IS OUR LIPID BILAYER WHICH IS THE CELL MEMBRANE.
AND THEN WE HAVE THESE MEMBRANE PROTEINS
THAT YOU CAN SEE ARE INVOLVED IN GETTING SUBSTANCES THROUGH OUR--
THROUGH OUR CELL MEMBRANES.
SO THE--
THEY HAVE VERY DIFFERENT PRESENCES WITHIN THE BODY,
THE FIBERS LOOK LIKE THE FIBERS OF A ROPE, THE GLOBULARS,
WE'LL LOOK AT HOW THIS FORMATION COMES TO INTERMOLECULAR FORCES,
THEY LOOK LIKE LITTLE BALLS.
AND THEN A SUBSET OF THE GLOBULAR PROTEINS
WOULD BE THESE MEMBRANE PROTEINS
THAT HELP TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES IN AND OUT OF OUR CELLS.
SO THEN THE OTHER IMPORTANT THING
TO KNOW IS WHAT THEY ALL HAVE IN COMMON
WHILE THEY HAVE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS,
ALL OF THESE PROTEINS ARE MADE FROM LONG CHAINS
OF AMINO ACIDS BONDED TOGETHER
AND THEN FOLDED INTO A VARIETY OF SHAPES.
SO AS WE MOVE ON THROUGH THE TUTORIAL SERIES,
WE'LL LOOK MORE CLOSELY AND IN DETAIL
AT PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS.
AND THEN WHEN WE GET TO THE CARBOHYDRATE CHAPTER,
WE'LL BE LOOKING AT THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
OF CARBOHYDRATES AND ONE OF THE FIRST IMPORTANT THINGS
TO KNOW IS HERE'S OUR BUDDY,
D-GLUCOSE AND IT'S SHOWN AS AN OPEN CHAIN.
GLUCOSE IS A BIG DEAL BECAUSE IT'S OUR PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE.
HOWEVER, ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS
WE'LL LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER IS THAT IT INTERCONVERTS BACK
AND FORTH WITH THE CLOSED RING.
AND SO YOU COULD THINK OF GLUCOSE
AS OUR ENERGY SOURCE AND YOU WANT TO START
RECOGNIZING EITHER ONE OF THESE FORMS AS D-GLUCOSE,
WHETHER YOU SEE IT IN THE OPEN CHAIN OR THE RING
AND THEN WE'VE KIND OF CROSSED THE THRESHOLDS HERE,
STORAGE AND STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
THEN THAT LEADS TO MORE COMPLICATED CARBOHYDRATES.
SO HERE WE HAVE STARCH AND GLYCOGEN,
WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT STARCH, THINK PLANTS.
AND GLYCOGEN, THINK ANIMALS,
AND WHAT THESE TWO SHARE IS THEY BOTH CONNECT SUGARS
THROUGH ALPHA LINKAGES.
AND SO IN OUR CARBOHYDRATE CHAPTER,
WE'LL LEARN MORE ABOUT THAT.
AND THAT'S VERY DIFFERENT FROM CELLULOSE.
SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT STARCH AND GLYCOGEN,
WE'RE THINKING MORE ABOUT ENERGY STORAGE.
AND WHEN WE LOOK AT CELLULOSE,
WE WILL LEARN THAT THERE WE HAVE BETA LINKAGES
AND THEN THIS IS MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
AND SO WE COULD NOTE THAT THE VERY UNIFORM LINEAR ARRANGEMENT
HERE OF THE BETA LINKAGES
THAT ALLOWS FOR CLOSE PACKING WHICH WOULD,
YOU KNOW, BENEFIT IN STRUCTURAL SUPPORT APPLICATIONS.
AND THEN WE'LL NOTICE HERE IN OUR ALPHA LINKAGES,
NOTICE ALL THE BRANCHING.
SO WE HAVE ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF WHERE THE CHEMICAL--
THE CHEMICAL BONDING NEEDS TWO DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
AND SO WE'LL DIG INTO ALL THESE DETAILS
AS WE GET INTO THE CARBOHYDRATE CHAPTER AND THEN THE THIRD--
AND THEN THE THIRD AND VERY IMPORTANT FUNCTION
FOR CARBOHYDRATES IS THAT THEY ACT AS RECEPTORS
ON CELL MEMBRANES.
SO ONCE AGAIN HERE, WE SEE OUR CELL MEMBRANE.
AND NOW WE CAN RECOGNIZE HERE THAT THERE'S A MEMBRANE PROTEIN
AND THEN CONNECTED,
SO NOT ONLY DO WE--
WE LEARNED ABOUT ALL THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
OF ORGANIC MOLECULES AND NOW
WE'LL START TO LOOK AT THEM IN THE PRESENCE
OF THE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES BUT NOW WE SEE AN EXAMPLE
WHERE WE HAVE A CARBOHYDRATE LINKED TO A PROTEIN.
SO WE CAN SEE IT GETS VERY COMPLICATED
AND THIS CARBOHYDRATE ACTS AS THE RECEPTOR.
AND SO NOW IF I BRING YOUR ATTENTION
BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE,
NOTICE THIS CLOSED RING FORM.
IN MANY BIOLOGICAL SCHEMATICS,
WHAT WE'LL DO IS WE WILL SEE HERE THAT THIS,
JUST THIS LITTLE SIX-MEMBERED RING STARTS TO EQUAL
A SUGAR MOLECULE.
A MONOSACCHARIDE, SO THAT'S A VERY COMMON REPRESENTATION
THAT LINKS OUT SOME DETAIL BUT WORK SYMBOLICALLY. OKAY.
AND NOW THE THIRD AND FINAL MAJOR CLASS
OF BIOMOLECULES IS THE LIPIDS,
SO LET'S LOOK BRIEFLY AT LIPIDS.
IN SOME WAYS I THINK THEY'RE THE MOST COMPLICATED
TO UNDERSTAND BECAUSE THERE'S A VERY DIVERSE GROUP
OF MOLECULES THAT WE CAN ALL DESCRIBE AS LIPIDS
AND THE REASON FOR THAT IS BECAUSE WHAT MAKES SOMETHING
A LIPID IS THAT IT'S NOT WATER-SOLUBLE, RIGHT?
IT'S HYDROPHOBIC.
AND SO THERE--
THIS LEADS TO A VERY BROAD GROUP
OF MOLECULES THAT ARE ALL HYDROPHOBIC,
SO THEY GET CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
OKAY. SO HERE WE COULD SEE THAT WAXES ARE ONE TYPE
OF LIPID AND YOU CAN SEE THERE'S AN ESTER,
SO ESTER IS OUR DOMINANT HERE.
I LIKE TO THINK OF WAXES AS FATTY ESTERS
BECAUSE OF THOSE TWO R GROUPS.
THOSE TWO R GROUPS ARE VERY LONG,
SO IF WE WANTED TO LOOK AT A WAX,
WE WOULD DRAW AN ESTER AND WE WOULD PUT VERY LONG R GROUPS.
AND THAT'S WHAT CREATES THE WATER BARRIER CAPACITY,
IT'S VERY LONG AND THESE ARE VERY LONG AS WELL. OKAY.
AND THEN THE NEXT TYPE OF LIPID
THAT WE'LL LOOK AT THAT CALLS INTO-- USING--
LOOKING AT THE GLYCEROL BACKBONE WHICH WE WILL SEE IS RIGHT HERE
AND WE CAN HAVE TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AND SO
WHAT IN THE WORLD ARE THOSE?
THOSE ARE SIMPLY FATS AND OILS.
AND THEN WE'LL SEE THAT WE CAN GET SOME PHOSPHOLIPIDS,
ALSO WITH THIS GLYCERIN BACKBONE.
AND IF YOU'RE WONDERING WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN A FAT AND AN OIL, RIGHT?
SO FATS COME FROM ANIMALS AND OILS COME FROM PLANTS
AND TRIGLYCERIDES,
THEY SERVE AS OUR LONG-TERM ENERGY SHORTAGE
AND ANOTHER COMPLEMENT TO GLYCOGEN WITHIN ANIMALS
AND STARCH WITHIN PLANTS.
AND THE R GROUPS ARE THE BIG DEAL, RIGHT?
THESE ARE LONG--
THERE ARE LONG R GROUPS
AND THEIR STRUCTURE IS GOING TO DETERMINE
THE PHYSICAL CONSISTENCY OF THE FAT OR THE OIL. RIGHT?
SO THEY DETERMINE WHETHER A FAT
OR AN OIL IS A SOLID OR A LIQUID,
THEY'RE NOT GOING TO BE GASSES.
SO WE CAN IGNORE THAT AND I THINK I'LL REWRITE THAT.
SO WRITE SOLID OR LIQUID.
SO DEPENDING ON THE R GROUP
WHETHER IT'S SATURATED OR UNSATURATED LEADS
TO THE PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF THE FAT OR THE OIL.
AND THEN A--
ANOTHER VERY IMPORTANT GROUP
OF LIPIDS WILL GLOMP ALTOGETHER HERE.
THESE ARE THE PHOSPHOLIPIDS
AND THE SPHINGOLIPIDS AND WHAT THEY ALL SHARE
IN COMMON IS THEY HAVE A POLAR HEAD.
AND THEN THEY HAVE WELL, TWO,
LONG NON-POLAR TAILS.
AND SO IN THOSE PREVIOUS DIAGRAMS
WHERE WE WERE SHOWING CELL MEMBRANES, RIGHT?
THEY CREATE A LIPID BILAYER AND SO WE'LL LOOK MORE CLOSELY
AT THAT AS WE EXPLORE OUR CHAPTER ON LIPIDS.
AND THEN TO FINISH UP THIS GROUP,
WE WOULD HAVE THE STEROIDS AND SO THE STEROIDS,
CHOLESTEROL AND ITS DERIVATIVES, VERY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS,
BILE ACIDS, VITAMIN D, SEX HORMONES.
THE MAIN THING HERE IS THIS IS OUR SIGNATURE,
THESE FOUR FUSED RINGS.
YOU COULD THINK OF THAT AS THE SIGNATURE
IF YOU SEE A COMPOUND THAT HAS THESE FOUR FUSED RINGS,
YOU KNOW THAT IT'S A STEROID.
AND SO YOU MUST--
WANT TO BE AWARE OF THAT PATTERN
AND SO IT'S PROBABLY WORTH DRAWING IT AT LEAST ONCE
TO START TO INTERNALIZE IT, RIGHT?
SO WE HAVE TWO SIX-MEMBERED RINGS SIDE BY SIDE AND THEN
WE HAVE ONE LIFTED UP AND THEN THERE'S OUR FIVE-MEMBERED RING.
NOT THE-- NOT THE MOST BEAUTIFUL STEROID
BUT IT GETS YOU THERE, RIGHT?
SO IT'LL ALWAYS HAVE THAT CORE HYDROCARBON BACKBONE.
AND THEN THE LAST GROUP
OF LIPIDS ARE THE EICOSANOIDS AND THESE ARE RELATED--
THESE ARE COMPOUNDS THAT TRIGGER INFLAMMATION
AND SO THEY'RE ALSO--
YEAH, LET'S JUST LEAVE IT AT THAT.
SO THEY TRIGGER INFLAMMATION AND SO TWO VERY COMMON SUBGROUPS
OF EICOSANOIDS ARE THE PROSTAGLANDINS
AND THE LEUKOTRIENES.
AND WHAT WE WILL LEARN ABOUT THESE IS THAT THEY'RE ALL
DERIVED FROM ARACHIDONIC ACID.
ARACHIDONIC ACID CAN BE USED TO SYNTHESIZE EITHER ONE
AND IT'S A TWENTY CARBON FATTY ACID. OKAY.
SO THAT CONCLUDES OUR INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY
AND THESE IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND A LITTLE BIT
ON THE ENERGETICS THAT WE'LL BE INVESTIGATING.
I HOPE YOU FIND THIS TUTORIAL USEFUL
AND I THINK IT LAYS AN IMPORTANT FOUNDATION
FOR OUR FUTURE TUTORIALS.