- WELCOME TO THE VIDEO TUTORIAL,
WRAPPING UP OUR SECTION ON HYDROCARBONS.
THIS WILL BRING TOGETHER NOMENCLATURE
WITH STRUCTURAL FORMULAS.
SO, YOU REALLY WANT TO GO THROUGH THE FIRST
THREE VIDEO TUTORIALS FIRST
AND THEN USE THIS TO CHECK FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING.
LET'S GET STARTED.
ALL RIGHTY.
SO, LET'S REMEMBER THAT THERE ARE TWO PRIMARY
STRUCTURAL FORMULAS,
CONDENSED, WHERE IT'S ATOMS ONLY.
AND SO, THIS TAKES ADVANTAGE
OF THE FACT THAT WE UNDERSTAND ABOUT THE CARBON BACKBONE
SO THAT WE KNOW WHEN THE CARBONS COME TOGETHER,
THEY'RE GOING TO CREATE OUR BACKBONE AND SO,
WE'LL COMMUNICATE THAT WITH THE BLUE CARBON FIRST,
ANY HYDROGENS AND BRANCHES
WHICH IS THE BLUE CARBONS BONDED TO THE-- RED CARBON.
AND THEN ANY HYDROGEN AND BRANCHES
AND THE RED CARBON IS BONDED TO THE GREEN CARBON.
AND THEN WE INCLUDE ANY HYDROGENS OR BRANCHES.
AND THEN FOR THE SKELETAL LINE,
WE RECOGNIZE THAT WE SHOW ALL CARBON TO CARBON BONDS.
AND THEN WE WILL SHOW THE ATOMS
A FUNCTIONAL GROUPS INCLUDING HYDROGEN.
SO, IF HYDROGEN IS PRESENT ON A FUNCTIONAL GROUP,
WE WILL SHOW IT THERE.
BUT ANY HYDROGENS BONDED TO OUR BACKBONE,
OUR CARBON SKELETON,
WE'RE NOT GOING TO SHOW THOSE.
ALL RIGHTY.
AND NOW, WE WANT TO MAKE SURE WE CAN CONNECT ALL
THIS TO THE IUPAC NAMES.
AND SO--
OH, AND I WANT TO--
WE'RE GOING TO IGNORE THAT, RIGHT?
SO, WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO HERE
WITH THE NAME IS REMEMBER THAT THE BEGINNING
OF THE NAME IS THE STEREOCHEMISTRY.
AND SO WHERE WOULD WE COME ACROSS CIS OR TRANS, RIGHT?
THAT'LL BE WITH CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BONDS
OR ANY TIME WE HAVE A RING WE COULD SHOW WEDGES OR DASHES
TO SHOW WHETHER THE BRANCHES ARE ABOVE OR BELOW THE PLANE.
AND THEN WITH DOUBLE BONDS,
WE COULD HAVE THE TRANS OR THE CIS.
ALL RIGHT.
AND WE'VE TALKED ABOUT THAT IN THE PREVIOUS TUTORIALS.
AND THEN OUR SUBSTITUENTS, OF COURSE, RIGHT,
WE ALWAYS CITE THOSE ALPHABETICALLY.
AND WE HAVE A ROOT OR A PARENT
THAT WILL BE OUR HOMOLOGOUS SERIES.
AND THEN LAST BUT NOT LEAST,
THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS DESCRIBED BY THE SUFFIX.
SO, FOR EXAMPLE, LET'S PUT THIS ALL TOGETHER,
IF WE LOOKED AT A COMPOUND LIKE THIS.
ALL RIGHTY.
SO, THERE'S THE BOND-LINE STRUCTURE
AND LET'S GO AHEAD AND PUT A BRANCH ON THERE.
ALL RIGHTY. SO, NOW,
IF WE WANTED TO NAME THIS COMPOUND,
WE WOULD NUMBER IT TO GIVE OUR DOUBLE BOND THE SMALLEST NUMBER.
WE WOULD IDENTIFY ANY BRANCHES
AND HERE IS OUR HYDROCARBON FUNCTIONAL GROUP,
THE ALKENE. NO--
AND WE NOTICE HERE
THAT THE BRANCHES ARE ON THE SAME SIDE,
SO WE WOULD DESCRIBE
THIS AS CIS AND THEN HERE'S OUR BRANCH 5-METHYL, OKAY?
AND NOW, WE'RE GOING TO TELL EVERYBODY
WHERE THE DOUBLE BOND IS.
SO IT'S COMING OFF OF CARBON TWO.
AND THEN WE HAVE OUR PARENT
OR OUR ROOT WHICH WOULD BE THE HEPT.
AND THEN WE WOULD LET EVERYBODY KNOW THAT THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
IN THIS CASE IS A DOUBLE BOND ALKENE.
SO, WE HAVE OUR SKELETAL LINE STRUCTURE AND OUR IUPAC NAME.
AND NOW, WE'LL GO AHEAD AND CREATE THE CONDENSED FORMULA.
YOU CAN NOTICE THAT A CONDENSED FORMULA
WON'T TELL US CIS OR TRANS,
BUT THERE'S CARBON ONE, IS A CH3.
AND THEN CARBON TWO, THERE'S A HYDROGEN
AND THE DOUBLE BOND TO CARBON THREE WHICH ALSO HAS A HYDROGEN
AND THEN WE'RE TO CARBON FOUR AT CARBON FIVE,
THERE'S ONE HYDROGEN AND THEN LET ME--
MAYBE IT'S EASIER IF I SHOW THIS IN GREEN.
THERE'S OUR METHYL BRANCH COMING OFF OF CARBON FIVE
AND THEN CARBON SIX AND CARBON SEVEN.
SO, WHERE YOU WANT TO BE WHEN YOU'RE DONE
STUDYING HYDROCARBONS IS YOU WANT TO BE ABLE
TO CONVERT BETWEEN THE SKELETAL LINE,
THE IUPAC NAME,
AND THE CONDENSED FORMULA.
SO, ON THE NEXT PAGE, WE'LL FIND SOME PRACTICE.
IT WOULD BE A GOOD IDEA TO STOP THE VIDEO
AND SEE HOW WELL YOU'RE DOING ON THIS PAGE
BEFORE I SHOW YOU THE ANSWERS.
SO, WE'LL JUST DO THE HONOR SYSTEM THERE
AND WE'LL KEEP FORGING AHEAD.
SO, FOR THIS FIRST EXAMPLE HERE,
WE WERE GIVEN THE IUPAC NAME,
SO STAR, RIGHT, START WITH THE PARENT,
WE HAVE AN EIGHT CARBON CHAIN.
TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, RIGHT?
AND NOW, I CAN JUST PICK ANY NUMBERS
I WANT BECAUSE WE'RE STARTING OUT.
AND THEN THE SUBSTITUTIONS TELL US THAT WE HAVE TWO BRANCHES
COMING OFF OF THIS CHAIN.
AT CARBON FOUR,
WE HAVE AN ETHYL GROUP WHICH IS A TWO-CARBON BRANCH.
AND CARBON TWO HAS A METHYL GROUP,
SO THERE IS OUR SKELETAL LINES STRUCTURE.
NOW, THIS IS A VERY LONG CONDENSED FORMULA.
SO, I WILL SHOW SOME ABBREVIATIONS.
HERE, WE CAN TREAT THESE TOGETHER
FOR A CONDENSED FORMULA SO WE HAVE THE TWO CH3 GROUPS.
AND THEN WE COME TO CARBON TWO WHICH HAS A SINGLE HYDROGEN
AND THEN CARBON THREE.
AND THEN WHEN WE GET TO CARBON FOUR,
WE HAVE ANOTHER BRANCH.
THIS WILL BE--
AND WE ALL WRITE THAT IN GREEN TO HELP TO BE CLEAR,
CH2, CH3.
AND THEN-- OKAY.
SO, NOW, WE HAVE CARBON FIVE, SIX, AND SEVEN,
THOSE ARE ALL CH2S,
SO, WE CAN DO AN ABBREVIATION
AND LET EVERYBODY KNOW THERE'S THREE OF THOSE.
AND THEN WE'LL HAVE JUST ENOUGH ROOM
TO BRINGING CARBON EIGHT WITH A CH3.
ALL RIGHT. OKAY.
NOW, WE'LL GO TO THE NEXT EXAMPLE.
ALL RIGHT. SO, THIS IS ONE OF
OUR AROMATIC COMPOUNDS THAT YOU WANT TO RECOGNIZE.
IT ACTUALLY--
ITS COMMON NAME WOULD--
IS ALSO CONSIDERED ITS IUPAC NAME.
SO THIS IS TOLUENE.
YOU COULD CALL IT METHYLBENZENE
BUT THEN PEOPLE WOULD KNOW THAT YOU'RE NEW
TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, RIGHT?
THE PREFERRED NAME WOULD BE TOLUENE. ALL RIGHTY.
AND THIS IS ONE OF THE ONLY EXAMPLES
WHERE WE HAVE A RING STRUCTURE
THAT WE CAN SHOW AS A CONDENSED STRUCTURE, RIGHT?
BECAUSE THE BENZENE RING CAN BE ABBREVIATED C6H5.
THIS IS A UNIQUE RATIO OR CARBONS TO HYDROGENS
AND THIS IS A FLAG THAT WE HAVE A BENZENE RING.
AND THEN WE CAN SIMPLY ADD THE METHYL BRANCH, CH3.
SO, FOR ANY OTHER TYPE OF RING,
WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE ABLE TO SHOW A CONDENSED STRUCTURE.
ALL RIGHT.
NOW, WE HAVE AN EXAMPLE WHERE WE HAVE THE CONDENSED STRUCTURE,
LET'S GO THE OTHER WAY.
SO, AS I LOOK AT THIS,
I SEE A BRANCH AND WE KNOW THAT WE ALWAYS WANT A NUMBER
TO GIVE THE BRANCHES THE SMALLEST NUMBER.
SO BY LOOKING AT THIS,
I RECOGNIZED THAT THIS METHYL GROUP
WILL BE COMING OFF OF THIS CARBON
AND SO THERE'S OUR BRANCH.
AND SO BY LOOKING AHEAD,
WE CAN PUT OUR FIVE CARBON CHAIN,
TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE,
AND THEN WE'LL PUT OUR METHYL GROUP COMING OFF OF CARBON TWO.
SO, I'LL RENUMBER THIS HERE.
AND THERE'S THAT METHYL BRANCH.
I FIND IT ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO NAME A COMPOUND
FROM THE CONDENSED FORMULA.
I HAVE TO DRAW IT OUT
IN A SKELETAL LINE FOR ME PERSONALLY.
SO, PLEASE BE KIND
TO YOURSELF IF YOU CAN'T JUMP FROM CONDENSED TO IUPAC.
THAT'S A SPECIAL SKILL.
NOW, WE CAN NAME IT, RIGHT?
SO, WE HAVE OUR METHYL BRANCH,
2-METHYL AND THEN A FIVE A CARBON CHAIN, PENTANE.
NO DOUBLE OR TRIPLE BONDS. OKAY.
SLIDE THIS UP A LITTLE BIT.
AND NOW, WE'LL GO TO OUR NEXT COMPOUND.
ALL RIGHT.
HERE WE HAVE A CIS AND THAT MAKES SENSE
BECAUSE THERE IS OUR ALKENE OR DOUBLE BOND.
AND WE SEE ONCE AGAIN,
WE HAVE A NICE BIG LONG EIGHT CARBON CHAIN
AND NOTICE THE LOCATOR NUMBER, RIGHT?
THE THREE IS TELLING US WHERE TO FIND THE DOUBLE BOND.
SO, ESPECIALLY WHEN IT'S CIS, I'M GOING TO START THERE.
SO, THIS IS GOING TO BE CARBON THREE.
AND I KNOW, CARBON THREE AND CARBON FOUR SHARE A DOUBLE BOND.
AND THEN I CAN BRING IN CARBON TWO
AND CARBON ONE AND BECAUSE IT'S CIS,
THESE ARE GOING TO BE ON THE SAME SIDE.
SO, CARBONS TWO AND FIVE WILL POKE IN THE SAME DIRECTION,
SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT.
ALL RIGHT.
SO, WE HAVE OUR CARBON BACKBONE, THE ROOTS OF THIS COMPOUND,
DESCRIBED BY THE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES WITH THE OCT.
AND NOW, WE CAN BRING IN THE BRANCHES.
SO, WE SEE CARBON SIX AND CARBON SEVEN-- OH, DEAR.
THIS ISN'T--
YEAH, THAT WILL WORK, OKAY.
SO, CARBON SIX IS AN ETHYL AND CARBON SEVEN IS A METHYL.
ALL RIGHTY.
SO, IT MAY SEEM STRANGE THAT WE NUMBERED FROM LEFT TO RIGHT.
AND THAT'S WHY I WAS SAYING, UH-OH,
BUT THE REASON
WHY IS BECAUSE THE DOUBLE BOND IS THE HIGHEST PRIORITY.
SO WE NUMBER OUR CHAIN TO MAKE SURE
THAT THE DOUBLE BOND GETS THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
SO, EVEN THOUGH WE HAVE BRANCHES HERE,
THE ROOT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING.
SO, NOW, WE CAN GO IN
AND NAME THIS OR DO THE CONDENSED FORMULA,
REMEMBERING THAT CONDENSED FORMULAS
CAN'T TELL US ABOUT STEREOCHEM.
ALL RIGHT.
SO, CARBON ONE, I HAVE TO WRITE REALLY TINY.
SO CARBON ONE CH3, CARBON TWO CH2,
NOW TO OUR DOUBLE BOND.
SO THERE'S ONE HYDROGEN,
THERE'S OUR DOUBLE BOND AND NOW WE GET TO CARBON FOUR.
OKAY. THEN, CARBON FIVE IS JUST A REGULAR OLD METHYLENE GROUP.
AND THEN WHEN WE GET TO CARBON SIX,
WE HAVE OUR FIRST BRANCH,
OUR ETHYL BRANCH.
AND NOW, I'M JUST GOING TO HAVE TO WRAP
AROUND BECAUSE I RUN OUT OF ROOM.
SO, THERE'S FIVE AND SIX.
NOW, WE GET TO CARBON SEVEN WITH ITS METHYL GROUP.
AND LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST, CARBON EIGHT.
SO NOT IDEAL TO HAVE IT RUN OFF THE PAGE BUT I THINK YOU GET--
YOU CAN GET THE IMPORTANT PART.
ALL RIGHTY.
LET'S KEEP GOING.
WE LOOK HERE AND WE SEE OUR DOUBLE BOND
AND SO WE KNOW THAT THAT TAKES PRIORITY,
SO WE ARE GOING TO NUMBER.
WE CAN SEE THAT THE DOUBLE BOND IS CLOSER TO THE RIGHT SIDE,
SO WE'RE GOING TO BEGIN NUMBERING ON THE RIGHT
AND THEN WE'LL FOLLOW.
AND THEN HERE, WE HAVE TWO CARBONS EITHER WAY,
IT DOESN'T MATTER WHICH WAY YOU PICK BACK
TO ANOTHER EIGHT CARBON CHAIN WITH A COUPLE OF ETHYL BRANCHES.
ALL RIGHT.
SO, THE VERY FIRST PART OF THE NAME
WOULD BE THE STEREOCHEM.
SO THAT WILL BE THE CIS.
AND THEN WE WOULD PUT OUR SUBSTITUENTS
AND WE HAVE TWO ETHYL GROUPS,
SO 5, 6-DIETHYL.
ALL RIGHT.
AND NOW, WE'RE TO THE PARENT OR THE ROOT HERE.
WE HAVE 3-OCTENE.
ALL RIGHTY.
OH, EXCEPT THAT I'M SO SILLY, IS THIS REALLY CIS?
IT IS PROBABLY DRIVING YOU GUYS CRAZY.
ALL RIGHT. THAT WAS TRANS.
SILLY ME. OKAY. RIGHT.
BECAUSE THEY'RE ACROSS THE DOUBLE BOND. ALL RIGHT.
AND THEN ONE MORE REALLY LONG CONDENSED FORMULA.
I'LL SEE IF I CAN WRITE A LITTLE SMALLER.
AND NOTICE THAT THIS ISN'T ABOUT NAMING.
WE CAN START HERE LEFT TO RIGHT.
IT'S FINE.
CH3CH2CH WITH OUR ETHYL GROUP
AND THEN THE CARBON FIVE WITH ITS ETHYL GROUP
AND THEN WE GET TO CARBON FOUR.
I THINK I'M GOING TO LOOP BACK AROUND, CH DOUBLE BOND,
CHCH2CH3. ALL RIGHT.
SO, THAT WAS A BIG ONE.
ALL RIGHT.
AND THEN FOR THIS LAST ONE HERE.
WE HAVE--
THERE'S OUR DOUBLE BOND, SO WE CAN RECOGNIZE,
WE WANT TO START NUMBERING HERE, ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR.
SO, NOW WE HAVE A CIVILIZED FOR FOUR CARBON CHAIN.
AND WE CAN'T-- AND THEIR--
CIS AND TRANS DON'T APPLY BECAUSE THERE'S TWO HYDROGENS
AND WE HAVE ONE BRANCH COMING OFF OF CARBON TWO.
SO, ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR.
ALL RIGHTY.
AND SO, HERE IS OUR METHYL BRANCH,
SO 2-METHYL AND THEN
WE WOULD LET EVERYBODY KNOW THIS WOULD BE 1-BUTENE, RIGHT?
LETTING EVERYBODY KNOW WHERE THE DOUBLE BOND IS.
ALL RIGHTY. OKAY.
WELL, THAT WRAPS UP OUR PRACTICE
FOR INTEGRATING NOMENCLATURES, SKELETAL LINE,
AND CONDENSED STRUCTURES FOR HYDROCARBONS.
THIS WOULD BE A GREAT TIME TO DO SOME MORE PRACTICE
WITH YOUR HOMEWORK TO REINFORCE YOUR UNDERSTANDING.