- WELCOME TO THE SECOND INSTALLATION
OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP VIDEO TUTORIALS.
THIS VIDEO TUTORIAL IS GOING TO FOCUS ON IUPAC NOMENCLATURE.
AND SO THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
THAT WE'LL BE LOOKING AT ARE SHOWN HERE ON OUR HANDOUT.
WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT ALCOHOLS, ALDEHYDES, KETONES,
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND AMIDES.
ESTERS, I'VE DECIDED THEY'RE UNDER A SEPARATE TUTORIAL.
OKAY, NOW THE MAIN THING ABOUT NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
IS TO RECOGNIZE THAT THERE'S REALLY ONLY A FEW RULES.
AND IF YOU--WE CAN FOLLOW THE PATTERN,
WE CAN DO THIS VERY STRAIGHT FORWARD. RIGHT?
SO THE FIRST THING TO KEEP IN MIND IS THE ROOT,
IS THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN
THAT CONTAINS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
SO NOW THAT WE'VE LEARNED HOW TO RECOGNIZE OUR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS,
THAT WILL HELP US FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN.
AND THEN WE WILL USE THE SUFFIX FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
WE'LL REPLACE ENE, RIGHT FROM THE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
AND THEN WILL USE THE TABLE BELOW.
SO FOR EXAMPLE, WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, WE WOULD USE ENOIC ACID.
ESTERS WILL BE -ENOATE, AMIDES, -ANAMIDE, ALDEHYDES, -ANAL.
KETONES, -ANONE, ALCOHOLS -ENOL.
NOW, THERE WILL BE CASES WHERE ALCOHOLS WILL BE PRESENT
AROUND HIGHER RANKING GROUPS.
SO, ALL OF THESE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
SO FAR DO HAVE SUBSTITUENT NAMES
BUT YOU'RE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THEM IN OUR CLASS,
SO I TOOK THEM OUT.
BUT YOU WILL SEE HYDROXY OCCASIONALLY,
PARTICULARLY WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS.
THE SULFHYDRYL GROUP IS THE THIOL GROUP.
BIOLOGISTS TEND TO CALL IT SULFHYDRYL.
WE WONT WORRY ABOUT NAMING ANY OF THESE
BUT CHEMISTS THINK OF THEM IN TERMS OF THIOL
AND BIOLOGISTS TEND TO THINK IN TERMS OF SULFHYDRYL.
WE WILL LEARN HOW TO NAME AMINES AND ANAMINE.
AND AMINES ARE ANOTHER ONE, PARTICULARLY AMINO ACIDS,
WE'LL SEE, SO WE NEED TO KNOW THIS SUBSTITUENT NAME.
AND THEN WE'VE ALREADY LEARNED HOW TO NAME ALKENES,
AND ALKYNES, AND ALKANES.
AND THERE'S ALSO A SEPARATE VIDEO TUTORIAL ON ETHERS.
THAT'S INCLUDE--ALSO GOES WITH THE ESTERS.
ALL RIGHT. SO, WE CAN SEE HOW IMPORTANT IT IS
TO RECOGNIZE OUR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
AND THEN WE USE OUR HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, RIGHT,
THE ETH-, METH-, PROP-, BUT- TYPE THING,
TO GET THE PARENT NAME OR THE ROOT.
AND THEN OF COURSE WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO PUT A LOCATOR NUMBER
TO TELL US WHERE THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS.
AND, REMEMBER, WE ALWAYS WANT TO GIVE THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
IF WE ARE NAMING AMINES,
AND WE HAVE A SUBSTITUENT COMING OFF OF THE NITROGEN,
WE WILL USE N AS THE LOCATOR.
AND REMEMBER THAT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ON CYCLOALKANES
DO NOT NEED A LOCATOR NUMBER
BECAUSE THEY'RE ALWAYS ON CARBON NUMBER ONE.
ALL RIGHTY. AND THEN THE PREFIX, IF THERE WAS A PREFIX,
RIGHT, THAT WOULD BE ANY SUBSTITUENTS,
AND WE ALWAYS SITE THOSE ALPHABETICALLY.
OKAY. ALL RIGHTY. SO THERE IS THE OVERALL STRATEGY.
NOW, LET'S LOOK AT SOME EXAMPLES
WHERE I'M GIVING THE STRUCTURE AND THE NAME,
SO WE CAN SEE HOW THIS STRATEGY WORKS.
ONCE WE'VE STUDIED THE STRATEGY,
THEN WE WILL PRACTICE IT-- PRACTICE APPLYING IT, ALL RIGHT?
SO, REMEMBERING THAT THE NAMES--
WE HAVEN'T TALKED ABOUT THIS PART TOO MUCH, RIGHT?
SO CIS- AND TRANS- ONLY APPLIES IF WE HAVE DOUBLE BONDS OR RINGS
AND NOT EVERY DOUBLE BOND OR RING
CAN BE DESCRIBED AS CIS- OR TRANS-.
SO THIS WILL BE A SPECIAL CASE FOR SOME MOLECULES, RIGHT?
SO, THE SUFFIX, RIGHT, THAT'S THE KEY PART BECAUSE THAT--OOPS,
THAT TELL US ABOUT THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP, RIGHT?
AND SO WE HAVE TO TELL EVERYBODY
WHERE THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OCCURS.
SO, IT NEEDS A LOCATOR NUMBER.
THEN WE WILL HAVE OUR PARENT,
YOU COULD THINK OF THIS LINGUISTICALLY AS THE ROOT,
RIGHT? AND THAT'S WHERE THE -ALK COMES IN,
AND THIS IS OUR HOMOLOGOUS SERIES. ALL RIGHT.
SO THAT--OOPS, RIGHT, SO THAT'S WHERE WE HAVE -METH-,
ETH-, PROP-, BUT-, ALL OF THAT.
OKAY. IF WE HAVE THE PREFIX, RIGHT,
THIS WOULD BE THE BRANCHES.
AND SO, THE BRANCHES WOULD BE AT THE BEGINNING.
AND NOTICE WE ALWAYS HAVE TO TELL EVERYBODY WHERE THEY ARE.
OKAY. AND THEN IF IT APPLIES,
WE WOULD HAVE STEREOCHEM WITH CIS- OR TRANS-.
AND FOR SUBSTITUENTS,
REMEMBER THAT WE CITE THEM ALPHABETICALLY. ALL RIGHTY.
SO WE HAVE THE BASIC PIECES.
NOW, LETS LOOK AT SOME COMPOUNDS AND SEE HOW THIS WORKS.
OKAY. WE CAN GET THIS ALL--OH, GOOD. IT JUST FITS. GREAT. OKAY.
SO, I'VE CIRCLED THE HIGHEST- RANKING FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
RIGHT. SO, THERE'S THE CARBOXYLIC ACID
AND HERE IS THE SUFFIX THAT TELLS US
THERE'S A CARBOXYLIC ACID. ALL RIGHT.
SO, WE'VE CIRCLED THE SUFFIX WITH THE HIGHEST-RANKING GROUP.
NOW, LET'S PUT A BOX AROUND THE PARENT CARBON CHAIN,
WHAT WE REFER TO AS THE ROOT. RIGHT.
SO, WE HAVE A THREE-CARBON PARENT CHAIN
AND THAT GETS DESCRIBE BY A PROP-, ALL RIGHT?
AND THEN THE LAST BIT, WE WOULD UNDERLINE SUBSTITUENTS.
SO, WE HAVE ALCOHOL, A HYDROXY GROUP.
SO, TWO HYDROXY.
SO, WE CAN SEE WHERE EVERY ATOM OF OUR COMPOUND
HAS BEEN DESCRIBED THROUGH THE NAME.
IT'S REALLY A VERY ELEGANT SYSTEM. ALL RIGHT.
SO LET'S PRACTICE THIS TOGETHER
TO MAKE SURE EVERYBODY UNDERSTANDS, RIGHT?
SO, HERE, IN THIS CASE, WE HAVE AN ALKENE FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
AND SO, THERE'S THE ALKENE.
AND WE HAVE TO TELL EVERYBODY WHERE IT IS.
IN OUR PREVIOUS EXAMPLE,
MAYBE IT WAS BUGGING YOU WHY DIDN'T TELL EVERYONE
WHERE THE CARBOXYLIC ACID IS.
WELL, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS HAVE TO BE AT THE END OF THE CHAIN
SO EVERYBODY KNOWS THERE COMING OFF OF CARBON ONE
SO WE CAN OMIT IT.
BUT A DOUBLE BOND CAN OCCUR ANYWHERE IN THE CHAIN.
SO, WE HAVE TO MAKE SURE TO TELL EVERYBODY WHERE IT IS.
AND WE SEE THAT WE HAVE A SIX-CARBON ROOT.
SO, THERE'S OUR HEX AND THEN
THERE'S ONE METHYL BRANCH RIGHT HERE THAN WE UNDERLINED.
AND THEN FOR THIS PARTICULAR EXAMPLE,
THIS ALKENE CAN EXIST AS CIS-TRANS,
AND IT'S BEEN SHOWN IN THE TRANS FORM, ALL RIGHT.
SO, THE THINGS IN RED
ARE FOCUSING ON OUR FUNCTIONAL GROUP. OKAY.
SO, THIS ONE'S REALLY--I'M NOT SURE WHAT TO CIRCLE HERE.
IT'S ALL SINGLE BONDS, RIGHT?
SO, I CIRCLED THE RING JUST FOR THE HECK OF IT, RIGHT?
SO THERE'S OUR ALKANE.
WHEN WE SEE -ANE AT THE END,
WE KNOW THAT IT'S ALL CARBON- CARBON SINGLE BONDS.
THE ROOT OR THE PARENT IS THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN.
SO, THAT WOULD BE THE CYCLOHEX.
AND THEN WE HAVE A THREE-CARBON PROPYL GROUP
COMING OFF AS A BRANCH.
SO, ONCE AGAIN, SEE HOW EVERY ATOM AND BOND OF OUR COMPOUND
IS DESCRIBED BY THE NAME. ALL RIGHTY.
HERE WE HAVE A CARBONYL.
SO, WE LOOK AROUND AND WE RECOGNIZE
THERE'S R-GROUPS ON EACH SIDE. SO, THIS IS A KETONE AND--OOPS,
I WANT TO WRITE THIS DIFFERENTLY. ALL RIGHTY.
SO, WE'RE GOING TO REDO THIS.
SO, THIS WOULD BE 2 BUTANONE, ALL RIGHT.
SO THE ANONE TELLS US IT'S A KETONE
AND THE 2 LETS US KNOW WHERE THE KETONE OCCURS.
AND THEN THE BUT- IS RIGHT HERE.
THAT SHOWS US IT'S A FOUR-CARBON CHAIN.
AND THEN WE HAVE 1 METHYL BRANCH COMING OFF.
SO, 3 METHYL. OKAY. ALL RIGHTY.
AND WE'LL PUT A LITTLE DASH THERE. ALL RIGHT.
SO, THAT ONE IS ALL SET UP.
AND, NOW, WE'LL LOOK AT THE NEXT ONE.
SO, HERE, WE HAVE AN ALCOHOL AND AN AMINE GROUP.
IT'S IMPORTANT TO LEARN
THAT ALCOHOLS HAVE HIGHER PRIORITY THAN AMINES.
SO, HERE IS OUR ALCOHOL SUFFIX WITH THE LOCATOR.
IT'S A FOUR-CARBON CHAIN OR ROOT.
SO THERE'S THE BUT-. AND--OH, DEAR.
I DIDN'T--THIS IS--THIS SHOULDN'T BE BROMO.
THAT SHOULD BE ETHYL. OKAY. SO, NOW, WE CAN FIX THIS, RIGHT.
SO, THEN THERE'S OUR ETHYL BRANCH
AND THERE'S OUR AMINE BRANCH.
SO, THE AMINO GROUP,
THE AMINES COMING OFF OF CARBON FOUR
AND THE ETHYL BRANCH IS COMING OFF OF CARBON THREE.
SO, ONCE AGAIN, THEY'RE--
ALL OF OUR SUBSTITUENTS ARE TAKEN CARE OF,
OUR CARBON CHAIN AND OUR FUNCTIONAL GROUP. OKAY.
LAST ONE. HERE WE GO. THERE'S THE ALDEHYDES.
SO, WE SEE THAT AS THE -ANAL, A FIVE-CARBON PARENT.
THAT'S DESCRIBED BY PENT.
AND THEN, ONCE AGAIN, A HYDROXY GROUP IS SUBORDINATE
AND ALCOHOL GROUP IS SUBORDINATE TO THE ALDEHYDE.
SO, THERE'S THE THREE-HYDROXY.
SO, NOW THAT WE HAVE SEEN HOW EACH ASPECT OF THE MOLECULE
IS DESCRIBED BY THE NAME,
LET'S GO AHEAD AND PRACTICE NAMING SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
OKAY. OOPS. IT FELL. HERE WE GO, THE NEXT SHEET IN PLACE.
HERE WE ARE AND GET IT CENTERED.
OKAY. SO, I REMINDED YOU OF OUR OVERALL NAMING STRATEGY
RIGHT AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE.
SO, IF YOU'RE--IF YOU GET LOST, JUST REMEMBER TO CONNECT AND,
EVENTUALLY, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE THIS IN YOUR MIND
AND NOT NEED TO HAVE IT WRITTEN FOR YOU.
ALL RIGHTY. RIGHT,
SO OUR FIRST THING IS
WE WANT TO MAKE SURE WE SEE OUR FUNCTIONAL GROUP,
FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN
AND IDENTIFY ANY BRANCHES.
OKAY. SO, THE BRANCHES ARE THE PREFIX. WE NAME THOSE FIRST.
WE TELL EVERYBODY WHERE THEY ARE. 4-METHYL. RIGHT.
NOW, WE HAVE--NOW WE BRING IN OUR ROOT NAME,
THAT'S GOING TO BE PENT--OOPS. THAT SHOULD BE IN BLUE.
PENT. ALL RIGHT.
AND THEN OUR SUFFIX WOULD BE -ANAL. OKAY.
AND WITH MANY OF THE CARBONYL GROUPS,
NOT ALL OF THEM BUT ALDEHYDES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS,
EVERYBODY KNOWS, RIGHT, IT MUST BE CARBON NUMBER ONE, RIGHT.
SO WE DON'T HAVE TO PUT THE NUMBER. OKAY.
LET'S MOVE TO OUR NEXT EXAMPLE.
WE FIND WE HAVE AN ALKENE AND WE LOOK AT THAT
AND WE NOTICE THAT IT HAS THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF CIS.
WE'RE GOING TO NUMBER
TO GIVE THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN,
WITH A DOUBLE BOND, HAVING THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX.
AND, ONCE AGAIN, WE HAVE ONE BRANCH.
SO, THIS WOULD BE CIS- 5-METHYL,
AND THEN WE HAVE A SIX-CARBON CHAIN.
SO THAT GETS REPRESENTED AS HEX. AND, OOPS, I FORGOT.
BUT I GOT TELL EVERYBODY, RIGHT,
SO WE HAVE TO PUT THE LOCATOR IN TWO HEX TWO ENE. ALL RIGHT.
SO, WE HAVE TO TELL--
LET EVERYBODY KNOW WHERE THE DOUBLE BOND OCCURS
IN THE SIX-CARBON CHAIN. ALL RIGHTY.
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT,
SO LET'S KEEP GOING.
HERE IS OUR HIGHEST-RANKING FUNCTIONAL GROUP ON A RING.
WE KNOW IT'S ALWAYS GOING TO GET THE ONE POSITION.
WE'RE GOING TO NUMBER OUR RING
TO GIVE THIS ETHYL BRANCH HERE THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
SO, WE'LL NUMBER COUNTERCLOCKWISE,
OKAY. IN THIS CASE,
WE WEREN'T SHOWN ANY WEDGES OR DASHES,
SO THIS COULD BE CIS- OR TRANS- BUT NOBODY TOLD US.
SO, WELL JUST GO WITH WHAT WE HAVE.
AND SO, WE OUT THE SUBSTITUENT, THE BRANCH FIRST, 3-ETHYL.
AND NOW, WE BRING IN OUR ROOT, OUR PARENT.
CYCLOHEX AND THEN -ANAL.
AND THEN, ONCE AGAIN, THIS MUST BE CARBON ONE,
SO WE DON'T HAVE TO WORRY.
IF YOU PUT THE ONE, I'M NOT GOING TO MARK YOU OFF,
IT'S NOT A PROBLEM.
IT'S JUST NOT NEEDED, SO DON'T-- SEE--EXPECT TO SEE IT
WHEN YOU READ THINGS. OKAY.
NOW, I WANT TO MIX THINGS UP A LITTLE BIT.
HERE'S A CONDENSED FORMULA.
SO, WE SCAN AND WE RECOGNIZE CHO, THERE'S OUR ALDEHYDE.
SO, SINCE WE KNOW WE WANT OUR ALDEHYDE
TO HAVE THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER,
WE WILL NUMBER THIS CHAIN BEGINNING HERE, ONE, TWO,
WE SEE THE PARENTHESIS, WE RECOGNIZE THAT'S A BRANCH.
THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX. ALL RIGHT.
SO, WE HAVE A SIX-CARBON CHAIN THAT HAS AN ALDEHYDE ON ONE END.
SO, THERE'S ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX.
AND SO, THEN WE NOTICE FROM THE CONDENSED FORMULA
THAT THERE IS AN ETHYL BRANCH COMING OFF OF CARBON THREE.
SO, WE'LL ADD THE ETHYL BRANCH RIGHT HERE.
NOW, THAT WE HAVE THE SKELETAL STRUCTURE,
WE CAN GO AHEAD AND WRITE THE NAME.
SO, WE BEGIN WITH THE PREFIX, THE BRANCHES, 3-ETHYL.
AND WE HAVE A SIX-CARBON CHAIN. SO THAT'S THE HEX.
AND IT'S AN ALDEHYDE, -ANAL, RIGHT.
AND REMEMBERING THAT ALDEHYDES,
WE ARE UNDERSTOOD TO ALWAYS COME OFF OF THE FIRST CARBON.
ALL RIGHTY. LET'S FORGE AHEAD HERE. ALL RIGHTY.
SO, NOW, WE SEE OUR DOUBLE BOND.
AND IN THIS CASE, IF WE NUMBER LEFT TO RIGHT,
ONE, TWO, THREE, IF WE NUMBER RIGHT TO LEFT,
ONE, TWO, THREE. SO, WE HAVE A TIE.
WHEN WE HAVE A TIE, OUR TIE BREAKER IS, FOR EXAMPLE,
WE HAVE A--OH, BUT THAT WASN'T THE LONGEST CHAIN.
OH, I ALMOST FOOLED MYSELF, RIGHT.
WE HAVE TO FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN,
ONE, TWO, THREE.
BUT IF WE GO THIS WAY, ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR.
SO, WE SHOULD NUMBER--IT'S NOT A TIE,
WE SHOULD NUMBER LEFT TO RIGHT.
SO, I PUT THIS ONE IN HERE ON PURPOSE TO REMIND YOU THAT
WHEN THE MOLECULES ARE DRAWN,
THEY'RE NOT ALWAYS GOING TO GIVE YOU
THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN ON A VELVET PILLOW.
YOU GOT TO BE ABLE TO LOOK AROUND AND DISCERN.
THIS DOUBLE BOND, WHAT'S THE STEREOCHEMISTRY,
IT'S WRITTEN, IT'S SHOWN AS TRANS-.
THEN WE HAVE ONE BRANCH, 5-METHYL,
AND WE HAVE A SEVEN-CARBON CHAIN.
WE GOT TO TELL EVERYBODY WHERE THE DOUBLE BOND IS.
SO, WE PUT THE THREE, THE LOCATOR IN.
AND THEN WE WOULD PUT THE HEPT-
TO LET US KNOW THERE'S SEVEN CARBONS,
AND THEN WE WOULD PUT THE -ENE TO LET EVERYBODY KNOW
THAT IT'S A DOUBLE BOND AT CARBON THREE.
ALL RIGHT. OKAY. SO, WE'LL MOVE ON TO F.
HERE, WE SEE OUR CARBONYL.
AND SO, WE SEE R-GROUPS ON EACH SIDES. SO, THAT'S A KETONE.
SO, WE FOCUS OUR ATTENTION ON THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
BUT WHEN WE GO TO NUMBER THE CARBON CHAIN, RIGHT,
IT'S THE CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN.
SO, REMEMBER TO BEGIN THE CHAIN,
WE'RE GOING TO NUMBER RIGHT TO LEFT
BECAUSE WE WANT TO GIVE THE KETONE
THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
AND THAT LEAVES US WITH ONE BRANCH. SO, 5-METHYL.
AND, NOW, WE NEED TO TELL EVERYBODY WHERE THE KETONE IS,
SO WE PUT IN A LOCATOR, RIGHT.
SO, FOR EXAMPLE, ALDEHYDES HAVE TO BE AT THE END OF THE CHAIN
BUT KETONES CAN BE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CHAIN.
SO, WE HAVE TO TELL EVERYBODY.
IT'S A SEVEN- CARBON CHAIN, SO THERE'S THE HEPT-,
AND, NOW, WE BRING IN THE SUFFIX -ANONE, RIGHT.
TELLING EVERYBODY WHERE THE CARBONYL GROUP IS.
OKAY. SO, THE LAST TWO ON THIS PAGE.
NOTICE HERE WE HAVE A RING AND WE SEE A WEDGE AND A DASH.
SO, THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A TRANS-CYCLOPENTANE.
WE LOOK AT THE SUBSTITUENTS.
WE HAVE A METHYL AND WE HAVE A PROPYL.
SO, SINCE THERE ARE NO OTHER HIGH-RANKING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS,
THIS IS A SATURATED HYDROCARBON, M AND P.
WE CITE ALPHABETICALLY.
THERE'S REALLY NO TIE BREAKERS OTHER THAN THE ALPHABET.
SO, WE WOULD GIVE THE METHYL GROUP THE ONE POSITION
BECAUSE M COMES BEFORE P IN THE ALPHABET.
AND THEN WE'RE GOING TO NUMBER THE CHAIN, THE RING,
TO GIVE THE PROPYL GROUP THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
SO, NOW, IT WOULD BE TRANS-1-METHYL
AND THEN 3-PROPYL CYCLOPENTANE.
AND I GUESS WE PUT THE -ANE.
SO, THAT IS THE SUFFIX, -ANE SHOWING.
AND IT'S IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT TELLS US
THERE AREN'T ANY DOUBLE BONDS OR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS,
TRIPLE BONDS. OKAY.
NOW, LET'S LOOK HERE AT THIS NEXT ONE.
HERE'S OUR CARBONYL GROUP.
SO, WE LOOK AROUND AND WE RECOGNIZE THAT IT'S AN AMIDE.
SO, WE'RE GOING TO FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN
THAT INCLUDES THE CARBONYL CARBON OF THE AMIDE.
THAT LEAVE US WITH TWO BRANCHES.
SO, JUST LIKE WE WOULD WITH AMINES,
IF WE HAVE A BRANCH COMING OFF OF THE NITROGEN,
WE CAN'T USE A LOCATOR NUMBER, THOSE ARE FOR CARBONS.
SO, THE PREFIX HERE WOULD BE N, 2-DIMETHYL.
SO, ONE OF THE METHYLS IS OFF THE NITROGEN
AND ONE OF THE METHYLS IS OFF OF CARBON TWO.
AND THEN WE WOULD BRING IN, IT'S A FOUR-CARBON CHAIN,
THERE'S OUR BUT- AND THEN THE SUFFIX FOR AMIDES, -ANAMIDE.
OKAY. SO, THERE WE GO.
NOW, NOMENCLATURE IS A TOPIC
THAT STUDENTS FIND VERY CHALLENGING.
SO, WE'RE GOING TO DO ANOTHER SET OF PRACTICE PROBLEMS
TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU FEEL REALLY STRONG
AND READY TO DO YOUR HOMEWORK.
YOU CAN GO AHEAD AND GIVE YOUR HOMEWORK A TRY NOW IF YOU WANT.
AND IF YOU GET STUCK, COME BACK FOR MORE HELP
OR JUST KEEP GOING WITH THE EXAMPLES THAT I HAVE FOR YOU.
OKAY. SO HERE'S OUR BUDDY CHO AGAIN, THE ALDEHYDE.
AND ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE.
RECOGNIZING HERE WE HAVE
A SMALL BRANCH COMING OFF OF CARBON THREE. ALL RIGHT.
SO, WE BEFORE WE TRY TO NAME THIS,
LET'S MAKE SURE WE HAVE THE STRUCTURE CORRECT.
SO, THERE'S OUR ALDEHYDE
COMING OFF OF CARBON ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE.
AND WE HAVE THE METHYL BRANCH COMING OFF OF CARBON THREE.
SO, THIS WOULD BE 3-METHYL, FIVE-CARBON CHAIN, PENT, -ANAL.
THERE WE GO. OKAY. AND, NOW, WE'LL GO ON TO THE NEXT ONE.
WE'LL SCAN OUR CONDENSED FORMULA AND WE SPOT THE AMINE AGAIN,
RECOGNIZING IT'S COMING OFF RIGHT HERE FROM THIS CARBON.
ALL RIGHT. SO, LET'S GO AHEAD
AND CREATE THE HYDROCARBON SKELETON
BEFORE WE TRY TO NAME IT.
SO, HERE'S THIS FIRST CARBON, THIS METHYL GROUP,
AND THEN WE GO HERE. AND I'M GOING TO DRAW IT LIKE THAT.
SO, THE FIRST CARBON, THE SECOND CARBON, THE THIRD CARBON.
WE RECOGNIZE THE THIRD CARBON HAS THE AMINE COMING OFF.
AND NOW WE HAVE ANOTHER CH2 GROUP AND THEN WE HAVE A CH.
AND NOTICE THIS CH GROUP HAS CH2, CH3. OKAY.
SO, I WANT TO CIRCLE THAT.
SO, THIS LOOKS LIKE IT SHOULD BE A BRANCH BUT LET'S KEEP GOING.
AND THEN WE HAVE THE LAST METHYL GROUP. ALL RIGHT.
SO, WHOEVER DID THIS CONDENSED FORMULA WAS KIND--
I DON'T KNOW IF THEY'RE TRYING TO TRICK US OR WHAT
BUT LET'S LOOK AT THIS.
NOTICE THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN IS RIGHT HERE.
SO, THIS IS ACTUALLY NOT A BRANCH.
THIS IS GOING TO BE THE METHYL BRANCH.
THAT'S WHY IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT.
THIS EXAMPLE IS HERE TO REMIND YOU
TO NOT TRY TO NAME OFF OF THE CONDENSED FORMULA.
DRAW OUT THE STRUCTURE SO THAT YOU GAVE YOURSELF A CHANCE.
SO, THE CORRECT NAME FOR THIS COMPOUND,
I THINK I'LL DRAW IT UP HERE IN THE SPACE ABOVE,
IS WE HAVE A 5-METHYL.
AND THEN WE SEE THAT OUR LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN
IS A SEVEN-CARBON CHAIN.
AND WE HAVE AN AMINE COMING OFF OF CARBON THREE.
SO, WE PUT A THREE THERE AND THEN WE WOULD PUT OUR HEPT-
TO RECOGNIZE THE SEVEN CARBONS AND THEN AN AMINE. ALL RIGHT.
THERE WE GO. OKAY.
SO, LET'S KEEP WORKING OUR WAY THROUGH THIS OTHER EXAMPLES.
SO, THERE WERE EXPERTS AT NOMENCLATURE.
THE CARBOXYLIC ACID IS THE HIGHEST-RANKING GROUP.
AND NOTICE, IN THIS CASE, IT HAS A HYDROXY SUBSTITUTION.
WE HAVE A THREE-CARBON CHAIN.
SO, THE HYDROXY GROUP IS COMING OFF OF CARBON TWO. 2-HYDROXY.
WE HAVE A THREE-CARBON CHAIN,
PROP- AND THEN FOR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ENOIC ACID. ALL RIGHT.
SO, THAT'S THE NAME FOR K. HERE, WE'RE BACK TO A HYDROCARBON.
JUST A LITTLE STROLL DOWN MEMORY LANE.
REMEMBER THAT AS WE LOOK FOR THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN,
WE WANT TO PUT THE FIRST BRANCH AT THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER
SO WE CAN SEE THAT THERE'S A BRANCH HERE, HERE, AND HERE.
SO, THIS BRANCH IS THE CLOSEST TO THE END.
SO, WE'RE GOING TO NUMBER THIS CHAIN IN THIS FASHION.
AND, NOW, OUR SUBSTITUENTS ARE ALL METHYL GROUPS.
SO, WE WOULD BE TWO, FOUR, FIVE, TRIMETHYL.
AND THEN THAT WOULD BE HEPTANE, RIGHT,
BECAUSE WE HAVE ALL SINGLE BONDS. ALL RIGHTY.
A FEW MORE TO MAKE SURE THAT EVERYONE DOES WELL.
NOMENCLATURE IS VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT HELPS
BUILD YOUR ABILITY TO LOOK AT THE MOLECULES.
SO THAT WE TALK ABOUT THEIR REACTIONS
AND THEIR BIOCHEMISTRY, YOU KNOW WHERE TO LOOK.
SO, IT'S A VERY IMPORTANT FOUNDATIONAL SKILL.
ALL RIGHTY. HERE IS OUR AMINE FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
AND IF WE LOOK AT THE--
WE HAVE THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN, ONE, TWO, THREE
OR ONE, TWO, THREE.
BECAUSE WE HAVE A TIE,
WHETHER WE NUMBER LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT,
WE ARE GOING TO NUMBER RIGHT TO LEFT
TO GIVE THIS METHYL BRANCH HERE THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
THERE'S ALSO A METHYL BRANCH COMING OFF OF THE NITROGEN.
SO, NOW, WE'RE READY TO NAME N, 2-DIMETHYL.
AND THEN WE HAVE A FIVE-CARBON CHAIN SO THAT WOULD BE THE PENT-
OH, BUT THEN WE HAVE TO TELL EVERYBODY WHERE THE AMINE IS.
I FORGOT THAT PART.
SO, WE GOT TO TELL EVERYBODY THREE PENTANAMINE RIGHT.
THE THREE TELLS EVERYBODY WHERE TO FIND THE AMINE
ALONG THE FIVE-CARBON CHAIN. ALL RIGHT.
WITH OUR NEXT EXAMPLE, HERE IS OUR PHENOL.
SO, WE SEE THAT THERE IS A BRANCH. WE HAVE A ETHYL BRANCH.
WE'RE ALWAYS GOING TO GIVE THE CARBON WITH THE ALCOHOL GROUP
THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER AND NUMBER THE RING
TO GIVE THE BRANCH ITS LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
SO, THIS WOULD BE 3-ETHYL AND I WANT TO SAY PHENOL. OKAY.
SO WITH PHENOL,
IT REALLY ENCOMPASSES THE HYDROCARBON SKELETON
AND THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP ALL IN ONE NAME. OKAY.
LAST TWO EXAMPLES. HERE IS OUR ALCOHOL.
SO, WE'RE GOING TO NUMBER THE CHAIN TO GIVE THE ALCOHOL
THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
THAT PUTS THE BRANCH AT CARBON THREE. 3-METHYL.
AND, NOW, WE GOT TO TELL EVERYBODY
WHERE ON THE CHAIN THE ALCOHOL IS, TWO.
IT'S A FOUR-CARBON CHAIN.
AND THEN WE PUT THE SUFFIX -ANAL.
SO, THESE ARE GOING TOGETHER TO TELL EVERYBODY
WHERE TO FIND THE ALCOHOL ON THE FOUR-CARBON CHAIN.
AND OUR LAST BUT NOT LEAST,
HERE IS OUR FUNCTIONAL GROUP IN ALCOHOL.
IN THIS CASE, WE SEE TWO WEDGES.
SO, THIS WOULD BE CIS-, ALL RIGHT.
AND HERE IS OUR SECOND BRANCH, THE PROPYL GROUP.
WE'RE ALWAYS GOING TO NUMBER TO GIVE THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER.
AND THEN OUR SECONDARY CONSIDERATION IS THE BRANCH,
SO WE'RE GOING TO NUMBER COUNTERCLOCKWISE.
SO, TO NAME THIS LAST PRACTICE PROBLEM HERE--
I'LL PUT IT KIND OF LOW SO WE CAN GET THE WHOLE THING.
THERE'S THE CIS- AND THEN WE WOULD HAVE 3-ETHYL
AND WE HAVE OUR PARENT HYDROCARBON,
THE ROOT, CYCLOHEX AND THEN IT'S AN ALCOHOL,
AND THEN SO IT WOULD BE HEXANAL.
AND SO, WITH RINGS, WE KNOW THAT THIS MUST BE ON CARBON ONE.
IF YOU PUT THE ONE, NO PROBLEM. ALL RIGHTY.
SO, THIS WAS A BIG TUTORIAL
BUT WE JUST COVERED THE NOMENCLATURE OF ALCOHOLS,
AMINES, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ALDEHYDES, KETONES, AND AMIDES.
SO, NOW IS A GREAT TIME TO GET IN AND PRACTICE
SOME MORE ON YOUR HOMEWORK TO REINFORCE YOUR UNDERSTANDING.