-- WELCOME TO ACIDS AND BASES PART 2.
IN THIS PORTION OF THE VIDEO TUTORIAL SERIES,
WE'RE GOING TO FOCUS ON NOMENCLATURE
OF ACIDS IN PARTICULAR.
YOU KNOW HOW TO NAME ORGANIC ACIDS BUT WE NEED TO LEARN
HOW TO NAME INORGANIC ACIDS.
SO WE'LL REVIEW AND BUILD ON THAT UNDERSTANDING.
LET'S GET STARTED.
ALL RIGHTY. SO PARTICULARLY FOR INORGANIC ACIDS,
WE WILL SYMBOLIZE THEM HXA-.
SO INORGANIC, RIGHT, THIS PART'S TELLING US NOT CARBON BASED.
AND SO WHEN THESE ACIDS ARE ADDED TO WATER,
THEY RELEASE THE HYDROGEN IONS AND AN ANION.
AND SO WHEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT ACIDS,
WE'RE REALLY FOCUSING ON THIS PART HERE, RIGHT?
BUT ALL ACIDS HAVE THIS IN COMMON.
THIS IS WHAT MAKES IT, RIGHT?
SO ALL ACIDS HAVE H+.
SO IF WE'RE TRYING TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE ACIDS,
THIS IS WHAT THEY HAVE IN COMMON,
SO THAT'S NOT GOING TO HELP US. WHAT'S UNIQUE TO EACH ACID
IS THE ANION THAT'S ALSO RELEASED.
SO WHEN WE'RE NAMING ACIDS, IT IS THE ANION THAT IS GOING
TO DRIVE THE ACID NAME.
AND IF WE LOOK AT OUR ANIONS, WE'LL NOTE THAT THERE
WERE ONLY THREE DIFFERENT SUFFIXES FOR ALL OF THOSE ANIONS
THAT WE'VE LEARNED.
SO WE'VE LEARNED ANIONS WERE THE SUFFIXES:
-IDE, -ATE, OR -ITE.
SO ANYTHING IN FRONT OF THE SUFFIX IS CONSIDERED THE ROOT
OR THE STEM.
SO WHEN WE'RE NAMING, THE STEM OR THE ROOT,
THIS IS PART THAT IS UNIQUE TO EACH ACID.
SO THAT'S THE PART THAT CHANGES WITH EACH ACID NAME.
THE REST OF THE ACID NAME IS DETERMINED FROM THE SUFFIX.
SO WHEN WE HAVE AN ACID THAT THE ANION NAME ENDS IN -IDE,
THAT ACID NAME WILL ALWAYS BE HYDRO-(STEM)-IC ACID.
WHEN WE HAVE ANIONS THAT END IN -ATE, IT'S AN -IC ACID.
AND WHEN WE HAVE ANIONS THAT END IN -ITE, IT'S -OUS ACID.
SO LET ME DO A COUPLE EXAMPLES HERE
TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND.
SO FOR EXAMPLE, IF WE HAVE HBR,
WE RECOGNIZE THAT THERE'S OUR ANION, RIGHT, BROMIDE.
SO EVERYTHING IN FRONT OF -IDE IS THE STEM.
SO WHEN WE GO TO DRAW OR WRITE THIS NAME,
BECAUSE OF THE -IDE, WE KNOW IT BEGINS HYDRO
THEN WE WOULD BRING IN OUR STEM, BROM,
AND THEN WE'RE BACK TO THE GENERIC PART OF THE NAME, RIGHT?
SO HBR IS HYDROBROMIC ACID.
LET'S DO ONE MORE TO MAKE SURE WE GET THIS.
LET'S TRY HCN.
SO HERE, WE RECOGNIZE CYANIDE. EVERYTHING IN FRONT OF -IDE
IS CONSIDERED THE ROOT OR THE STEM.
BECAUSE THE ANION ENDS IN -IDE, WE KNOW THAT WE'RE GOING TO
HAVE HYDRO-IC ACID.
SIMPLY FROM THE -IDE SUFFIX, WE GET ALL OF THAT.
THE ONLY THING THAT CHANGES IS THE STEM.
THE PART THAT'S UNIQUE TO HYDROCYANIC ACID.
SO IT'S GOING TO BE THE SAME STRATEGY FOR THE OTHER ACIDS.
WE'LL JUST SIMPLY CHANGE THE FORMAT,
SO -ATE BECOMES -IC.
SO IF WE LOOK AT HNO3, WE RECOGNIZE OUR NITRATE ION.
SO EVERYTHING IN FRONT OF -ATE IS THE STEM OR THE ROOT.
SO THE -ATE PART TELLS US -IC ACID
AND THEN THE STEM, SO THIS WOULD BE NITRIC ACID.
ANOTHER VERY IMPORTANT ACID
ESPECIALLY IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, H2CO3,
WE RECOGNIZE THE CARBONATE,
SO JUST LIKE BEFORE,
EVERYTHING IN FRONT OF -ATE IS THE STEM OR THE ROOT.
THE -ATE PART TELLS US THE -IC ACID PART OF THE NAME.
SO--AND THEN WE BRING IN THE STEM.
SO H2CO3 IS CARBONIC ACID.
ALL RIGHTY.
AND FORTUNATELY, THERE'S ONLY ONE LAST SUFFIX FOR ANIONS
AND THAT'S THE -ITE. SO WHENEVER WE HAVE -ITE
AS A SUFFIX, WE WILL USE -OUS ACID.
SO SOME EXAMPLES HERE,
WE HAVE HNO2, SO THAT HAS NITRITE.
SO EVERYTHING IN FRONT OF THE -ITE IS THE STEM OR THE ROOT.
SO THAT WOULD BE--THERE'S OUR STEM OR ROOT
AND THEN THE -ITE PART TELL US WE WRITE -OUS ACID.
ONE LAST EXAMPLE HERE TO MAKE SURE EVERYBODY
FEELS COMFORTABLE.
OOPS, NO, WE JUST WANT IT LIKE THAT.
HCLO. SO THAT IS, HYPOCHLORITE. SO IN THIS CASE,
THE STEM IS HUGE, RIGHT? THE STEM ACTUALLY INCLUDES
OUR PREFIX.
SO EVERYTHING IN FRONT OF -ITE IS PART OF THE STEM.
SO THIS WOULD BE HYPOCHLOR, THERE'S OUR STEM OR OUR ROOT
AND THEN THE -ITE PART TELLS US THAT WE CHANGE THE SUFFIX
TO HYPOCHLOROUS ACID.
ALL RIGHTY. NOW, THERE ARE ONLY TWO TYPES OF ACIDS
THAT HAVE A VARIATION OR AN EXCEPTION.
I'LL USE THESE TWO ACIDS AS EXAMPLES, RIGHT?
SO OUR SULFUR ACID, WHEN WE HAVE A SULFUR ACID,
WE ADD -UR TO THE STEM.
ALL RIGHT. SO I'LL PUT THAT IN A RED BOX.
OKAY. SO IF WE FOLLOW, RIGHT, THE RULE FOR -ATE,
SO IF WE LOOK HERE, SO42-. WE WOULD SAY THAT'S SULFATE.
ALL RIGHT. SO HERE'S THE ORIGINAL STEM.
SO THE -ATE PART TELLS US THAT WE WANT A -IC ACID.
SO THE -ATE--BUT THEN, WE'RE GOING TO WRITE OUR ROOT
BUT WE ADD THE -UR TO IT. SO IT BECOMES SULFURIC ACID.
IN A SIMILAR FASHION, WHEN WE HAVE PHOSPHOROUS BASED ACIDS,
WE'RE GOING TO ADD AN -OR TO THE STEM.
ALL RIGHT. SO I'LL PUT THAT IN RED AS WELL.
SO JUST LIKE BEFORE, IT'S PO43-, THAT'S PHOSPHATE.
SO HERE--EVERYTHING IN FRONT OF -ATE IS THE ORIGINAL STEM.
SO IF WE WANTED TO NAME THIS ACID HERE,
WE BEGIN WITH THE -PHOS AND IT STOPS AT THE H AND NOW,
WE ADD THE -OR AND THEN THE -ATE PART TELL US -IC ACID.
SO IN MEANING, SULFUR BASED ACIDS, WE ADD A -UR TO THE STEM
AND FOR PHOSPHOROUS BASED ACIDS, WE ADD A -OR TO THE STEM.
OKAY. SO NOW, WE HAVE A GOOD INTRODUCTION TO INORGANIC ACIDS,
LET'S HAVE A BRIEF REVIEW OF ORGANIC ACIDS.
SO BECAUSE WE'RE FOCUSING JUST ON ORGANIC ACIDS,
IT SIMPLIFIES THE NOMENCLATURE RULES A BIT. RIGHT?
SO WE'RE ALWAYS GOING TO FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS
CARBON CHAIN THAT HAS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP.
AND THE CARBOXYLIC ACID WILL ALWAYS GET--IT'S AT THE END
OF THE CHAIN, SO WE DON'T HAVE TO TELL ANYBODY,
EVERYBODY KNOWS IT HAS TO BE CARBON1
AND SO IF WE LOOKED HERE, WE HAVE A FIVE CARBON CHAIN.
SO FROM THE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, WE WOULD CALL THAT PENTANE.
BUT THEN WE SEE THAT WE HAVE A CARBOXYLIC ACID,
SO WE REPLACE THE -ANE WITH -ANOIC ACID.
SO NOW, IF WE REWRITE THIS, THEN WE HAVE ONE LAST BIT HERE,
WE HAVE A BRANCH.
SO THERE'S A METHYL GROUP COMING OFF OF CARBON3.
SO TO NAME THIS COMPOUND, 3-METHYLPENTANOIC ACID.
ALL RIGHT. THERE WE GO. OKAY. THERE'S ONE CARBOXYLIC ACID
THAT WE'RE GOING TO ENCOUNTER QUITE A BIT.
ITS STRUCTURE IS RIGHT HERE.
AND WE SHOULD ALL BE ABLE TO NAME THAT, RIGHT?
THE NAME OF THIS CARBOXYLIC ACID IS ACETIC ACID.
AND THAT'S THE ACID PRESENT IN VINEGAR.
OKAY. SO LET'S HAVE A QUICK REVIEW OF OUR IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
FOR ORGANIC ACIDS.
SO GO AHEAD AND TAKE A MINUTE NOW TO NAME THESE
AND THEN WE CAN COMPARE ANSWERS.
ALL RIGHTY. SO WE FIND OUR LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN
AND THEN NOTICE THAT WE HAVE TWO BRANCHES, ETHYL AND METHYL.
SO WE NUMBER THE CHAIN TO GIVE THE CARBOXYLIC ACID
THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER AND WE ALWAYS CITE
OUR SUBSTITUENTS ALPHABETICALLY.
SO NOW, WE CAN GO AHEAD AND NAME THIS ACID, 3-ETHYL-4-METHYL.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES 6 WOULD BE HEX, HEX
AND THEN HEXANOIC ACID. THERE WE GO.
AND THEN AS WE TRANSITION TO BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES,
WE ALL KNOW--I THINK WE ALREADY KNOW AND--OR WE WILL KNOW
AMINO ACIDS ARE IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
AND SO WE WANT TO RECOGNIZE THAT THE CARBOXYLIC ACID
IS THE HIGHER PRIORITY. SO WHEN WE LOOK HERE,
THE AMINE IS CONSIDERED A BRANCH SO WE CALL IT AN AMINO GROUP.
SO JUST AMINO ACIDS
SO JUST THE NAME AS WE LEARN IT TELLS US AND REMINDS US
AND THEN WE PUT A METHYL, WE HAVE A METHYL GROUP HERE.
OKAY. SO IF WE WANTED TO GIVE THE IUPAC NAME,
WE CITE THE SUBSTITUENTS ALPHABETICALLY,
SO THIS WOULD 2-AMINO-3-METHYL
AND THEN FOUR CARBON CHAIN, BUTANOIC ACID.
WHEN WE GET TO THE CHAPTER ON AMINO ACIDS,
WE WILL LEARN THAT THIS AMINO ACID IS VALINE.
SO WHEN WE--I WON'T EVER EXPECT YOU TO MEMORIZE
ALL OF THE AMINO ACIDS BUT JUST A BIT OF A SEGUE
AS WE GET READY TO STUDY BIOCHEMISTRY.
OKAY. NOW THAT WE HAVE REVIEWED AND INTRODUCED DIFFERENT ASPECTS
OF ACID NOMENCLATURE, WE HAVE A REVIEW PAGE HERE,
SO THIS WOULD BE A GOOD TIME TO PAUSE THE VIDEO AND ANSWER,
YOU KNOW, FILL IN THIS TABLE AS BEST AS YOU CAN
AND THEN WE CAN COMPARE ANSWERS.
SO WHEN WE LOOK AT THIS FIRST COMPOUND, IRON.
WE RECOGNIZE IRON AS VARIABLE CHARGE, RIGHT.
SO WE DON'T KNOW, IS THIS IRON2+ OR IRON3+.
WE DON'T KNOW. HOW DO WE ANSWER THAT?
WE LOOK AT THE ANION.
SO WHEN WE LOOK AT THIS ANION WE SEE CHLORIDE
AND THERE'S THREE OF THEM. SO THERE IS A NET -3 CHARGE.
SO THE ANION TELLS US THIS COMPOUND IS NEUTRAL.
SO IT'S IRON3.
REMEMBER THAT WHEN WE'RE NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS,
IT'S ALL ABOUT THE CHARGE, SO IRON3 TELLS US
IT'S IRON +3 CHLORIDE. AND SINCE IN THIS MOLECULE
IT'S NOT A PROTON DONOR AND IT DOESN'T ACCEPT HYDROXIDE,
AND SO WE WOULD DESCRIBE IT AS NEUTRAL,
BACK IN THE GOOD OLD DAYS BEFORE WE KNEW ABOUT
ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY.
NOW WE HAVE AN ORGANIC ACID.
SO WE FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CARBON CHAIN,
NOTE ANY BRANCHES, SO 3-METHYL AND THEN A FIVE CARBON,
THAT WOULD BE PENT
AND THE CARBOXYLIC ACID TELLS US -ANOIC ACID.
AND ACID BASE ARE NEUTRAL.
THIS ONE IS PRETTY EASY, IF ACID'S IN THE NAME,
WE KNOW IT'S AN ACID.
HERE, WE KNOW BARIUM.
WE KNOW BARIUM IS AN ALKALINE EARTH METAL.
IT'S ALWAYS +2 SO WE DON'T HAVE TO TELL ANYBODY
BECAUSE ANYBODY THAT'S READING THIS FORMULA
ALSO KNOWS THAT BARIUM IS ALWAYS +2.
AND ONCE AGAIN WE HAVE A NEUTRAL,
SO AN IONIC COMPOUND THAT'S A NEUTRAL SALT.
ALL RIGHTY. HERE WE HAVE OUR BUDDY CARBONATE.
SO THIS HAS CARBON BUT WE CLUMP IT INTO
THE INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE,
SO FOCUSING ON THE -ATE, THE -ATE TELLS US THAT
WE'RE GOING TO HAVE -IC ACID AND EVERYTHING IN FRONT OF THE -ATE
IS THE STEM.
SO THIS IS OUR CARBONIC ACID AND ONCE AGAIN IF ACID'S
IN THE NAME, WE KNOW IT'S AN ACIDIC COMPOUND.
HERE WE HAVE ANOTHER IONIC COMPOUND.
HOWEVER IN THIS CASE, IT'S AN IONIC COMPOUND
THAT WILL RELEASE HYDROXIDE IONS.
SO IN THIS CASE WE REFER TO IT AS A BASE.
SO IN SOME CONTEXT, YOU CAN THINK OF ACIDS AND BASES
AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF IONIC COMPOUND
RELATED TO THE HYDROXIDE AND HYDROGEN IONS.
SO WE WOULD NAME THIS JUST LIKE WE WOULD ANY IONIC COMPOUND,
SO POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE.
OKAY. NOW, IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT THAT WE KEEP THIS DISTINCTION.
HERE, WE HAVE OUR CATION AND ANION,
SO THIS IS AN IONIC COMPOUND AND BECAUSE OF ITS IONIC NATURE,
WE DESCRIBE IT AS A BASE.
HOWEVER HERE, NOTICE THIS COMPOUND.
THIS COMPOUND HAS FOUR CARBONS, LET'S SEE, 10 HYDROGENS
AND OXYGEN, RIGHT.
ALL NONE METALS.
THIS IS A COVALENT COMPOUND.
SO THERE IS STILL A HYDROXYL GROUP
BUT THIS IS AN ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLS ARE NEUTRAL.
SO WHEN WE SEE THE HYDROXYL GROUP, HYDROXIDE VERSUS ALCOHOL,
IT'S IMPORTANT TO MAKE THAT DISTINCTION,
SO WHEN WE'RE NAMING THIS COMPOUND
WE WANT TO GIVE THE ALCOHOL GROUP THE LOWEST POSSIBLE NUMBER
AND WE HAVE TO LET EVERYBODY KNOW WHERE IT'S AT,
SO 2, IT'S A FOUR CARBON CHAIN AND THEN WE LET EVERYBODY KNOW
THERE'S A ALCOHOL PRESENT.
AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST, HERE'S A CONDENSED FORMULA.
WE SEE WE HAVE A THREE CARBON CHAIN WITH AN AMINE GROUP
COMING OFF OF THE SECOND CARBON.
NOW HERE, THE AMINE IS THE ONLY FUNCTIONAL GROUP PRESENT.
SO IT GETS TO HAVE THE SUFFIX POSITION.
SO WE LET EVERYBODY KNOW WHERE THE AMINE IS
AND THEN WE GIVE OUR HOMOLOGOUS SERIES PROP,
A THREE CARBON CHAIN AND SO -ANAMINE,
THERE'S OUR SUFFIX.
AND WE REMEMBER THAT AMINES ARE BASES.
THEY'RE WEAK BASES BUT THEY'RE STILL BASES.
ALL RIGHTY. SO NOW WE JUST HAVE ONE PAGE TO WRAP UP
AND TIE THIS TOGETHER WITH OUR PREVIOUS TUTORIAL
ON INTRODUCING ACID BASE REACTIONS.
SO THE AMAZING THING TO ME IS THAT THERE ARE ONLY
SIX STRONG ACIDS.
OF THOSE SIX STRONG ACIDS, YOU WANT TO MEMORIZE THESE FIVE.
ALL RIGHT. SO THEN WE CAN PRACTICE OUR ACID NOMENCLATURE
RULES BY LOOKING AT THE ANION,
RIGHT, SO WE HAVE CHLORIDE OR BROMIDE OR IODIDE,
NITRATE OR SULFATE.
SO THEN BASED OFF OF THIS ANION NAMES,
WE CAN APPLY OUR RULES OF INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE,
RIGHT, DISTINGUISHING, LOOKING AT EACH ION NAME
IN TERMS OF A STEM OR A ROOT AND A SUFFIX.
SO FOR THE -IDES, RIGHT, THESE WILL ALL BE THE SAME.
THEY'RE ALL GOING TO START WITH HYDRO
AND THAT HYDRO COMES FROM THE FACT THAT THEY END IN -IDE.
THEY EACH HAVE A UNIQUE STEM HYDROCHLOR HYDROBRO OR HYDROIOD,
OKAY. AND THEN THE -IDE TELLS US THEY EACH END IN -IC ACID.
OKAY. I PUT PRETTY BIG SPACES THERE. I'M NOT SURE WHY.
OKAY. NOW WE GET TO THE -ATES.
SO WITH THE -ATES, IT'S -IC ACID.
AND THIS LAST ONE, YOU DON'T NEED TO MEMORIZE
BUT IT'S THE ONLY OTHER STRONG ACID SO--AND IT'S ALSO A -ATE,
RIGHT. SO WHEN WE HAVE -IDES, HYDROIC ACID.
WHEN WE HAVE -ATES -IC ACID. AND THEN WE SIMPLY BRING IN
THE STEM,
SO THIS WOULD BE NITRIC ACID.
REMEMBER WITH THE SULFUR BASE ACIDS, WE ADD THAT EXTRA -UR
AND THEN FOR THIS LAST ONE, PERCHLORIC ACID.
OKAY. SO IT'S A GOOD IDEA TO MEMORIZE THESE FIVE
BECAUSE REMEMBER, STRONG ACIDS REACT COMPLETELY
SO WE WILL SHOW THE COMPLETE REACTION ARROW
AS WE'VE SEEN HERE,
SO RECOGNIZING WE HAVE OUR AMINE WHICH IS A WEAK BASE.
AND THEN HERE WE HAVE OUR STRONG ACID.
SO FOR REACTION TO GO COMPLETELY,
WE JUST NEED THE ACID OR THE BASE TO BE STRONG
AS LONG AS ONE OF THEM IS STRONG TO GET THE COMPLETE REACTION.
AND IN THIS CASE, WE FORM THE AMMONIUM SALT.
AND WE'LL STUDY THIS CHEMISTRY A LOT MORE
BECAUSE IT CREATES WATER SOLUBILITY AND WE'LL LEARN
THAT AMINES ARE VERY BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE.
A LOT OF DRUGS AND MEDICINES ARE AMINES
AND SO WE WILL EXPLORE THIS CHEMISTRY QUITE A BIT
IN THE FUTURE.
SO THEN THIS IS A BIG DEAL, RIGHT?
ALL OTHER ACIDS ARE WEAK ACIDS. SO IF IT'S NOT ONE OF THESE SIX,
THEN IT IS A WEAK ACID, RIGHT.
AND SO WHEN IT'S A WEAK ACID, THEY DO NOT REACT COMPLETELY,
RIGHT, SO IT'S EQUILIBRIUM.
BUT ONCE AGAIN WE CAN RECOGNIZE
HERE IS OUR WEAK BASE AND THEN OUR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
ARE WEAK ACIDS AND SO WE WILL GET BOTH THE FORWARD
AND THE REVERSE REACTION OCCURRING SIMULTANEOUSLY.
OKAY. SO THAT CONCLUDES OUR TUTORIAL ON ACIDS
AND BASES FOCUSING ON ACID NOMENCLATURE.
PLEASE TAKE THE TIME NOW TO NAME A FEW MORE ACIDS
TO REINFORCE YOUR UNDERSTANDING.